Actinidia arguta

Branch of Actinidia arguta variety ' Weiki ' with deciduous leaves and fruits

Called The Razormaw rays stylus ( Actinidia arguta ), also Kiwibeere, honey berry, Kokuwa, Kiwai or Small-fruited kiwi, is a flowering plant in the family of rays stylus plants ( Actinidiaceae ). It is native to eastern Asia.

The Razormaw rays pen, Small-fruited kiwi is with the commercial kiwi and various other small fruit species such as Black -rays stylus ( Actinidia melanandra ), Siberian rays stylus ( Actinidia kolomikta ) or Japanese radiation stylus ( Actinidia polygama ) related. This species and its varieties are much harder frost than the Kiwi ( Actinidia deliciosa) and thus for cultivation in temperate climates (ie also in Central Europe) more suitable.

• 4.1 fruits
• 4.2 Mounting
• 4.3 for location and maintenance
• 4.4 varieties

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance, bark and foliage leaf

The Razormaw rays pen is a large, deciduous, woody climber; you can see the growth form as a twining shrub called, is a liana. The bark of the branches is initially woolly hairy, later glabrous or rarely hairy she is fluffy and there are no lenticels visible with naked eye. In the second year, the bark turns grayish - brown and is bald with small, inconspicuous lenticels. The range of medulla is white to brown.

The change-constant leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The pink- brown leaf stalk has a length of 3 to 6 ( to 10 ) cm and is mostly bald, sometimes rust-colored woolly or bristly hairy. The simple, membranous to papery leaf blade with a length of 6 to 12 cm and a width of 5 to 10 cm usually ovate to broadly ovate or almost circular, sometimes ovate -oblong with symmetrical or scalene, rounded to heart- shaped, often wedge-shaped Spreitenbasis and abruptly pointed expiring Spreitenspitze. The leaf margin serrate sharp. The dark green upper leaf surface is bare. The green leaf underside is bare or rust-colored woolly or striegelig hairy, especially on the midrib and lateral nerves. The main nerve and the lateral veins are conspicuous on the underside of leaves, on the upper leaf surface a little conspicuous. On each side of the central nerve, there are five to seven straight or arcuate side nerves. The network nerves are inconspicuous on the underside of leaves little to the leaf surface.

Inflorescence and flower

The flowering time is usually in April. The Razormaw rays stylus is dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ). In only 7 to 10 mm long Blütenstandsschäften are light to medium brown woolly hairy, pendant, zymöse inflorescences, which contain only one to seven flowers. It is available with only 1-4 mm rulers bracts. The flower stems are 0.8 to 1.4 cm long.

The unisexual flowers are four to sechszählig and have a diameter of 1.2 to 2 cm and a double perianth ( perianth ) on. The buds cover of cup - like petals is dachziegelig ( imbricat ). The four to six sepals are ovate to oblong with bewimpertem edge with a length of 3.5 to 5 mm; they are hairy with glandular woolly on both sides or on the underside of leaves slightly pubescent to glabrous. The four to six greenish- yellow or white petals are cuneate - obovate to obovate - circular with a length of 7 to 9 mm. In the functionally male flowers many stamens are present. The silky hairy stamens are narrow and 1.5 to 3 mm long. The black or dark - purple anthers with a length of 1.5 to 2 mm long with arrow-shaped base and its two counters open with slots. In the functionally female flowers bottle-shaped, vielkammerige ovary are present, which are bare and 6-7 mm long. Each ovary chamber contains many ovules. The many free pens are 3.5 to 4 mm long.

Fruit and seeds

The bald, fleshy, with a length of 2 to 3 cm spherical to elongated berries, ending more or less beak-like and contain numerous seeds. The fruit is colored when ripe depending on the variety of purple - red to gray - brown to greenish- yellow. With a length of 2.5 mm oblong seeds contain a relatively large, cylindrical, straight, and two short embryo cotyledons ( cotyledons ). The fruits ripen from August to October

Chromosome numbers

The chromosome numbers are 58 ( diploid), 116, 174 or 232

Origin

The Razormaw rays stylus is on the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, in Primorsky Krai, Korea, Japan, Taiwan and central China ( Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang) spread to the Himalayas. There they usually have grown up to trees. In China, it grows in mountain forests, in the thicket, on the banks of streams and in damp locations at altitudes 700-3600 m.

System

The first description of Scharfzähnigen rays pen in 1843 under the name Trochostigma arguta by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini presented in treatises of Mathematics and Physics Classe Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, 3 ( 2 ), pp. 727 Jules Émile Planchon this type 1867 Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel: Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno - Batavi, 3, p 15 in the genus Actinidia.

Actinidia arguta is standard Lamellatae from the section Leiocarpae in the genus Actinidia.

There are at least three varieties:

• Actinidia arguta ( Sieb. & Zucc. ) Planch. ex Miq. var arguta
• Actinidia arguta var giraldii ( Diels ) Voroschilov ( Syn: Actinidia giraldii Diels, A. arguta var nervosa CFLiang, A. kwangsiensis HLLi, A. melanandra var kwangsiensis ( HLLi ) CFLiang ): It comes in mountain forests at altitudes before 900-2400 meters in Chongqing, Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang.
• Actinidia arguta var hypoleuca ( Nakai ) Kitam. ( Syn: Actinidia hypoleuca Nakai ): It comes only in Japan on Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku.

Use

The cultivated varieties are grown in many regions of the world. The main interest in the Scharfzähnigen rays stylus is because of its fruit. However, due to the strong as well as hard rotting branches of twining vine found as a construction material used in the construction of suspension bridges use. Varieties have been around longer in Japan. In Europe, the variety breeding began in Ukraine in mid 20th century. by I.M. Shaitan from the National Botanical Garden of the Republican Academy of Sciences in Kiev. This was followed by Germany, Switzerland and the Czech Republic. In Austria the nursery Praskac brought in the 1980 first unsorted plants under the Japanese name Kokuwa or translated as honey berry in the trade. These are often contrary -to-find information no variety name.

Fruits

The fruits are very sweet and rich ( but relatively poor for Actinidien ) of vitamin C and minerals. Average content in A. arguta (AA Titljanov by EI Kolbasina ): Vitamin C 80 mg% (A. kolomikta 930 mg%, A. deliciosa 100 mg% ) Vitamin P 55 mg% (A. kolomikta 26 mg%, A. polygama 48 mg %), carotene 0.28 mg% (A. kolomikta 0.26 mg%, A. polygama 8.45 mg% ) acidity 1.29 mg% (A. kolomikta 1.26 mg%, A. deliciosa 1, 3 mg%, A. polygama 0.93 mg% ) sugar content of 8.4% ( 5.7% kolomikta A., A. deliciosa 9%, A. polygama 6.9%)

Cultivation

Since the Razormaw rays stylus is dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig, male pollinators are needed with a maximum distance of 20 meters for female plants. In plantations a male pollinator is expected to between six and eight female plants. The cultivation of the varieties of this species is not very common, since the honey berry is still relatively unknown. Related small-fruited rays stylus are currently offered rather than ornamental plants ( eg Actinidia kolomikta ). Inter alia, the poor stability is a problem that the commercial production is in the way according to the crop. However, there are regions in Bavaria, Saxony and other areas in Germany, from which fruits harvested and sold. There are also global efforts to bring these fruits more on the market and to achieve commercial success with it. So smaller cultivation initiatives have on Europe and in South America, the USA and New Zealand formed.

Site requirements and maintenance

Because of the simple and good frost- resistant properties of beams Scharfzähnigen pen, he tolerates slow downs temperature to -30 ° C, an extension to the north of Europe is possible. The prerequisite is a least 150 days frost-free growing season. The plant needs as original inhabitant of forest hems humus rich soil. The Honey Berry prefers slightly acidic substrates, but not to the same extent exposed to scale deposits such as the United Fruity Kiwi ( A. deliciosa). The honey berry is sensitive to salt, mineral fertilizers are therefore worse than compost for fertilization. Mulching and an oriented towards east or west location has a positive effect on growth and fruit set. An exposed to the sun location makes the summer water demand extreme rise. So far, no serious pests and diseases are known. A cut is not absolutely necessary, but should be made similar to the grapevine and is recommended to increase income and to limit the growth in length.

Varieties

Robust and high-yielding varieties are the female ' Weiki ' (also called "Bayern- Kiwi" ), the ' pineapple Well ', the ' Maki ' (from Switzerland, synonyms ' Amdue ' and 'Red Beauty' ). The ' Red Potsdamer ' is in the Prussian parks for over a hundred years. There are also ' Julia ' (also called ' Saxony- Kiwi ', as selected in Chemnitz), the ' Kiwino ', the ' Isay ' ( from Japan), the ' Kiwai Rouge ' (possibly synonymous with ' Maki ' ), ' Geneva 2' and ' Geneva 3' (the latter a more aromatic subcultivation ). From the Czech Republic, the apple-shaped ' Bojnice ' comes from. The only clone that is self-fertile in approaches (contrary to the pricing in garden centers ) is the ' Isay ', but again, fruit size and fruit set at fertilization more than twice as large. In recent years, increasingly come Ukrainian varieties such as the red and rather habanero ' Purpurna Sadowa ' of Shajtan as single plants in the trade. In this variety, it is a members of the var purpurea, which is also considered as a separate species A. purpurea.

Swell

• Jianqiang Li, Xinwei Li, D. Doel Soejarto: Actinidiaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 12, 2007, p 334: Actinidia arguta - Online. (Section Description, Origin and systematics)
• E. I. Kolbasina: Actinidia in E.П. Куминов (2003): Нетрадиционные садовые культуры. Фолио, Moscow 2003