Broadcast programming

The broadcast program or short program is the sum of the emitted radio and TV programs on a single radio station or from all stations receivable in a region during a certain time period. General, one distinguishes between programs for radio and television.

General

The colloquial term program has been legally defined in media law and thus to the concept of law. In radio or television program is understood after " a plan for a send time-ordered sequence of content " (§ 1 para 2 No. 1 Broadcasting Treaty; Interstate Broadcasting Agreement ). The mission, however, is " a content of coherent, closed, time- limited part of a broadcast program " (§ 1 para 2 No. 2 Interstate Broadcasting Agreement ). The program consists of individual, therefore, one after the other broadcast programs.

Radio or television programs are the systematic and chronological organization of individual shipments of a transmitter for the next days, weeks and months. They are composed of a variety of program content such as information, education, entertainment and advertising. While the full program, the range of topics is usually very high and " information, education, advice and entertainment a substantial part of the overall program form " (§ 2 para 2 No. 3 Interstate Broadcasting Agreement ), it is the division program on one or two topics in the program and / or specific target groups restricted. Since a program is re- produced daily, it is a prototype every time.

History

The first radio stations that extended their broadcasting time to a lesson, I felt the need, similar to a table of contents in books to plan the various programs in the form of a program and present. The first systematically arranged radio programs arrived on May 20, 1920 at the Canadian station CFCF in Montreal used, followed by WWJ Detroit on August 20, 1920. Already on August 27, 1920 launched Radio Argentina with programs that followed a program schema. However, these were not exceptions, because before 1923 there were mostly no formal program schemes. There were only broadcast one-off shipments, because series only became available as of September 1922. A systematic program began in 1926 with the establishment of the NBC Advisory Council. With increase in the number of radio stations and the variety of programs registered radio stations migration of the listener ( audience flow ) and began to adjust in the programming on these migrations. They realized that it even came during a broadcast to audience flow, usually triggered by radio advertising.

Therefore, the rating agency had begun CF Cooper so in September 1945, the radio listeners movements ( "flow" ) to measure from one station to another and the methods continuously until August 1946 to refine a rating. In January 1950, Hooper and Nielsen Media Research shared on the market, and Hooper continue to focus on the local radio stations and rose to become the market leader. Hooper called the radio listeners and ask them which station they heard just what program they pursued there and who the sponsor thereof. That the Broadcasting created a program that the public became known only through program instructions or program magazines. On December 11, 1946 appeared with Hörzu the first German TV magazine.

Germany

In Germany, the State Broadcasting Treaty deals in great detail with program questions. Programs are understood according to § 11a Interstate Broadcasting Agreement constitute an offer. Radio programs have the dignity of man "and the moral, religious and philosophical convictions to respect others " (§ 41 para 1 Interstate Broadcasting Agreement ).

The German public broadcasting has as part of its program mandate pursuant to § 11 para 2 and 3 RStV the duty to " secure a diverse, comprehensive and balanced media offer in the interest of freedom of information and democracy. " This program contract provides for public broadcasters ensuring an independent primary care with information, education, culture and entertainment dar. According to § 11 para 1 Interstate Treaty on Broadcasting, the public broadcasting through the "production and distribution of radio and television programs as a medium and factor of the process of free individual and public opinion formation to act. "Even the Federal Constitutional Court has dealt with so-called primary care. Primary care is neither a minimum nor limited supply them to the informational and forming part of the program; rather, it is a supply of programs that correspond to the classical broadcasting job. Primary care encompasses three elements, namely the supply of the entire population with radio programs, the organization of a full program and ensuring the diversity of opinion within the program. A vast promotional financing of public service broadcasting threatens the basic service and was thus unconstitutional. At least in public broadcasting programs can therefore not be made fully autonomous, but must be collected with respect to such statutory and constitutional requirements. Thus, there is a limited program design freedom in public channels. Private broadcasters are not subject to these strict requirements and only need to provide a minimum level of substantive balance, objectivity and mutual respect. The program must be diversity of opinion and pluralism in private broadcasters secure (§ 25 Interstate Treaty on Broadcasting ), a program advisory board to advise the organs of a transmitter ( § 32 Interstate Broadcasting Agreement ).

Programming

One of the main objectives of the program is the listener and viewer loyalty. Worldwide uniformly pre-recorded features contributions by the competent editors of the program planning department may be submitted that meets the final decisions on the broadcast of the contribution in accordance with the program schedule. The offer of the public channels is also market-oriented and follows the recognizable commercial programming strategies of private. The long-term strategic program 's goal is to define the position of the transmitter in the audience as a brand, while the short-term operational planning is possible with a high range to market the existing program. Fixed viewing position (TV series) are taken into account in the programming first. The program observes the effects of a higher viewer loyalty ( audience flow ) through serialization, so the trend of increased scheduling of television series.

Program Structure

The program structure is a system that " can be seen in the placement of different programs or program forms within a time continuum. " It establishes the internal structure of a program according to the type, length and sequence of the program elements and to the listener / viewer through regular recurrence facilitate orientation. Particularly the recognition of individual items is considered. Since the introduction of private broadcasting in Germany ( January 1984) program structures have increased considerably in importance.

Program scheme

The program scheme is part of the programming and sets forth the entire channel's transmission time, the temporal segmentation of broadcasting time for individual program genres and a rough detailed specification of program slots. It is a time - organization composition that forms the basis of the transmission requirements plan which specifies the allocation of transmission times for the individual areas of the program. It is used for differentiation to the competition and to make the program as a brand identifiable. It is the medium constant, since the same or similar program content is broadcast in the same time segments. The program schedule is adjusted to the viewer habits throughout the day.

Program strategies

Program strategies are used by specific placement of certain items to attract new listeners / viewers and / or to prevent migration. For this purpose, always occupied with the same program, for example series by stripping certain timeslots. In particular, the newscasts begin regularly in each transmitter at the same time, it can also current developments usually change anything. When the program block ( blocking) similar programs or related program types are sequentially irradiated to prevent migration. If viewers are lured away from the competition, is used against or contrast programming. It is the response to the program of one or more competing channels at a particular time slot by broadcasting an attractive alternative shipment.

Variable programming

The program will be irradiated for the most part already been planned by the individual broadcasters months in advance. The program makers (function name: program directors and chief editors ) follow the prescribed this for their station program scheme in which programs have their regular place have ( transmission time ). In this program scheme then the individual items are inserted with their daily changing content of the editors. Short-term changes in actuality reasons are possible. Nevertheless, they are only cautiously and sporadically installed, as this gets muddled up the timing of the program, which may possibly have revenue losses for failure or delay in broadcast television advertising result. Therefore, live broadcasts to be considered very carefully, because their schedule may be uncertain and thus subsequent shipments can be delayed or even fail completely. Record Overcoat with live television was long time Hans -Joachim Kulenkampff ( One will win ), the Thomas Gottschalk ( Wetten, dass. ? ) Followed. The program also takes into account the scheduling of important events of public interest ( sports events, cultural and political events, anniversaries, weddings royale ).

Conference program

The Programme Committee is the operational body of the program. The object of the usually monthly, which meets the "Standing Conference program " ARD to work out the Community program (§ 6 clause 1 German State Treaty ). To this end, the proposals of the coordinators of the television program conference proposals of each agency be approved by the Programme Committee. The quota for individual television stations must be observed (No. 3, Section 3 television contract ).

Names of program slots and transmission times

The program slots are quite similar internationally and right predominantly on the target demographic. For different transmit places there are the following names:

• Breakfast television, primetime radio broadcasting ( 5/6-10 clock )
• Morning session (10-12 clock )
• Lunch program (12-13 clock )
• Afternoon program ( 12/13-18 clock )
• Eve program (18-20 clock )
• (Main) evening program ( primetime television) (20-23 clock )
• Night program ( late night ) ( 23-1 clock )
• Nachmitternachtsprogramm (0-6 clock )

At the time, as only the public broadcasting certain the program in Germany, it was determined by the broadcasting councils transmission times until the evening program - as it was - to protect the workers and employees and treat them to get enough sleep. Therefore, the television program ended mostly until 1984, at midnight, with injection of the test image as a characteristic of the transmitting circuit; from April 1985 ( ZDF) and May 1985 ( ARD), the program ended with the playing of the national anthem (until 1993 ). On weekends was quite sometimes sent up around 1:30 clock. Following the establishment of private broadcasters, the public broadcaster to fit and extended gradually their airtime to 24 hours were achieved.

Criteria for program design

In the ARD program managers of all regional broadcasters determine the common television program in conferences and coordinate with each other, that all national broadcasters are represented according to their quota by contributing. The regional programs from 18:00 clock to 20:00 clock and the third programs are planned independently of the local stations. The in this form well in advance planned television program applies to all channels as binding. Particular, however, the Bayerische Rundfunk did not participate in some community programs. So since 8 January 1973, first episodes of the children's show Sesame Street were not shown due to alleged misrepresentation of social conditions in Bavaria. On 8 November 1977, the Bayerischer Rundfunk got out of the joint ARD program when it became known that the consequence should see two men kiss in the drama sent after 22:00 clock and - like all the viewers of the Federal Republic except the Bavarian then see could - this did.

In the private channels, the main criterion for the design of the program is the audience. Since these channels, the advertising minutes can be sold more expensive the more, the higher the audience, the viewer is entirely funded by advertising and shipments are ausgezustrahlt high spectator interest specifically. Through opinion polls and on the basis of recording devices at demoskopisch selected households of consumer interest is determined statistically. Decreases the interest, it may cause severe long-term end actually conceived shipments arrive.

Program guides

In specific program guides the program is the readers graphically and textually available for quick overview and selectability. The names of some older program magazines are evidence of their origin from the time of radio programs ( image radio, clock radio, and TV Hörzu hearing and vision), which were then listed, much like today, the shows on the screen. Depending on the appearance of these media contain the program for one or more weeks; most frequently are currently two weekly TV magazines spread. Usually not only the nature and timing of the program will be announced, but also called backgrounds and trivia; often there is also an editorial review of the irradiated films.

Most RDS stations provide their programs also on teletext. In addition there are software that make the TV programs on your home PC available and is updated via an Internet connection. The electronic program guide ( EPG) gets its update information with the digital TV signal DVB or DAB digital radio signal transmitted and is often incorporated directly into newer technology.