Celastraceae

Wing spindle tree (Euonymus alatus ), habit and foliage leaves in autumn colors

The spindle tree family ( Celastraceae ) are a family of plants within the order of the spindle tree -like ( Celastrales ). The approximately 100 genera with 1200-1300 species are distributed mainly in the tropics. Some species provide timber or ornamental plants in parks and gardens.

• 3.1 Notes and references

Description and ecology

In the family Celastraceae for new enlarged size especially the vegetative characteristics and the fruits are highly variable.

Appearance and leaves

The Celastroideae and Hippocrateoideae are woody plants: shrubs, trees or lianas. The Parnassioideae and Stackhousioideae are perennial herbaceous plant. They are evergreen or deciduous. Many species cause milky sap. A vast number of taxa has triterpene derivatives in their bark. The simple leaves are opposite, sometimes alternate, their edges are often perforated. For most taxa small stipules are present.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are terminal or axillary, usually in zymösen, or rarely racemose, inflorescence or bündelig together.

The flowers are hermaphrodite or unisexual. If the flowers are unisexual may be getrenntgeschlechtig the species monoecious ( monoecious ) or dioecious ( dioecious ). The radial symmetry flowers are usually inconspicuous and (rarely two ) four to fünfzählig. Overall, a strong simplification of the structure of floral organs and a reduction of their number is observed. The flowers are five - namely, rare cruciform. The perianth is divided into calyx and corolla, but often lack the petals. In general, only a circle with is ( rarely two) usually three to five stamens fertile ( fertile ), the inner stamen circle are ( rarely two) usually three to five staminodes for the production of nectar, it is usually a flat, pad - or cup-shaped discus available. Two to five carpels are fused to a constant above to inferior ovary. In each ovary chamber one to two ovules per subject are usually present. Each flower contains a stylus with one to five scars. Pollination is by insects ( entomophily ).

Fruit and seeds

In this family there are many different fruits. Most taxa form capsule fruits. Some taxa have winged seeds (Samara ), have other kinds of seeds with seed coat ( aril ). There are also berries and stone fruits.

The seeds can be winged or wingless. The seeds can have an aril.

Ingredients

Frequently one finds gutta-percha ( Polyterpene ), dulcitol, alkaloids and digitaloid ( Evonosid, Evobiosid, Evomonosid ).

Systematics and distribution

The Celastraceae family was first published in 1814 by Robert Brown in A Voyage to Terra Australis, 2, p 554. Type genus is Celastrus L. Molecular genetic studies have led to the extent of the family was expanded. Synonyms for Celastraceae R.Br. are: Parnassiaceae Martynov, Lepuropetalaceae Nakai, Brexiaceae Loudon, Canotiaceae Airy Shaw, Chingithamnaceae Handel-Mazzetti, Euonymaceae Berchtold & J.Presl, Hippocrateaceae Juss, Plagiopteraceae Airy Shaw, Pottingeriaceae Takhtajan, Salaciaceae Raf, Siphonodontaceae Tardieu - Blot and R. Stackhousiaceae. . Br

Most species there are in the tropics, but some taxa is also available in the moderate latitudes.

The spindle tree family ( Celastraceae ) family is divided into five subfamilies and belong to it about 100 genera with 1200-1300 species:

• Subfamily Celastroideae: It contains about 66 genera: Acanthothamnus Brandegee (including Scandivepres Loes. ): It contains only one type: Acanthothamnus aphyllus ( Schltdl. ) Standlschmaus. It occurs in Mexico.

• Allocassine laurifolia ( Harv. ) N.Robson: It occurs in South Africa.

• Brassiantha pentamera ACSM. It occurs only in New Guinea.

• Khat ( Catha edulis ( Vahl ) Forssk. Ex Endl. )

• Empleuridium juniperinum Sond. & Harv. , It occurs in South Africa.

• Fraunhofera multiflora Mart. It occurs in Brazil.

• Gloveria integrifolia ( L. f ) Jordaan: It occurs in South Africa.

• Goniodiscus elaeospermus Kuhlm. It is home to the Amazon region in Brazil.

• Hartogiopsis trilobocarpa ( Baker) H.Perrier: It occurs only in Madagascar.

• Hexaspora pubescens CTWhite: It occurs only in the northern Queensland.

• Lauridia tetragona ( L. f ) RHArcher: It occurs in southern Africa.

• Maurocenia frangularia Pers. It occurs only in South Africa.

• Monimopetalum chinense Rehder: It grows at altitudes between 400 and 700 meters only in the Chinese provinces of southern Anhui ( Qimen ), eastern Hubei ( Tongshan ) and northern Jiangxi ( Jingdezhen ).

• Mystroxylon aethiopicum ( Thunb. ) Loes. It occurs in Africa and Madagascar.

• Orthosphenia mexicana Standlschmaus. It occurs only in the Mexican desert areas.

• Peripterygia marginata ( Baill. ) Loes. It occurs only in New Caledonia.

• Platypterocarpus tanganyikensis Dunkley & Brenan: It occurs only in Tanzania.

• Pseudosalacia streyi Codd: It comes only in Pondoland in southern KwaZulu -Natal and the Eastern Transkei region of the Eastern Cape, near the Uvongo.Küste to Port St. John's. It grows as a shrub or small tree and is in the Red List of IUCN = as "vulnerable ", " endangered" rated.

• Rzedowskia tolantonguensis Medrano: It grows at altitudes 1400-2000 meters in Mexico.

• Salvadoropsis arenicola H.Perrier: It occurs only in Madagascar.

• Sarawakodendron filamentosum Ding Hou: This endemic species occurs only in Sarawak on the island of Borneo. It grows as a small tree and is in the Red List of IUCN = as "vulnerable ", " endangered" rated.

• Tetrasiphon jamaicensis Urb. It occurs only in Jamaica.

• Torralbasia cuneifolia ( C.Wright ex Griseb. ) Krug & Urb. It occurs only in Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.

• Wilford's three-winged fruit ( Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. ): It is distributed from northeastern Myanmar over wide areas of China and in Korea, Taiwan and Japan.

• Xylonymus versteghii Kalkman ex Ding Hou; it occurs in the western New Guinea

• Subfamily Hippocrateoideae ( Syn: Hippocrateaceae ): It contains about 19 genera with about 100 species in the Neotropics and Paläotropis: Anthodon Ruiz & Pav: The approximately four species occur in Panama prior to the southeast of Brazil.
• Apodostigma R.Wilczek: it contains only one type: Apodostigma pallens ( Planch. ex Oliv. ) R.Wilczek ( syn.. Apodostigma pallens f capuroniana N.Hallé, Hippocratea pallens Planch ex Oliv. ): It grows at altitudes 0-1500 meters from Senegal to Ethiopia and south to to Northern Rhodesia and Angola; it also comes from the eastern Kenya prior to Mozambique.

• Bequaertia mucronata ( Exell ) R.Wilczek: It is widespread in tropical West Africa.

• Helictonema velutinum ( Afzel. ) R.Wilczek: It thrives in the forests of tropical Africa.

• Simicratea welwitschii ( Oliv. ) N.Hallé: It occurs in tropical Africa.

• Subfamily Parnassioideae ( Syn: Parnassiaceae ): It contains only two genera with 51 species: Parnassus ( Parnassia L.): It contains 50 species in the Holarctic.
• Lepuropetalon Elliott ( Syn: Cryptopetalum Hook & Arn. . ): It contains only one type: Lepuropetalon spathulatum: It occurs in the southeastern United States to Mexico and Chile. Some authors put them in a separate family Lepuropetalaceae.

• Subfamily Salacioideae: it contains about six genera with about 225 species in the Neotropics and Paläotropis: Cheiloclinium Miers (including Kippistia Miers ): The approximately 13 species are distributed in Central and South America.
• Peritassa Miers: The approximately 19 species are distributed in Central and South America.
• Salacia L.: (including Annulodiscus Tardieu, Calypso Thouars, Johnia Roxb, Salacicratea Loes. . ): The about 200 species are used in Paläotropis and Neotropics.
• Salacighia Loes. , The only two species are widespread in tropical Africa.
• Thyrsosalacia Loes. The approximately four species are widespread in tropical Africa.
• Tontelea Miers: The approximately 17 species are distributed in Central and South America.

• Subfamily Stackhousioideae ( Syn: Stackhousiaceae ): it contains only three genera with about 20 species, almost all of which occur in Australia: Macgregoria F.Muell. Contains only one type: Macgregoria racemigera F.Muell: It thrives in arid Australia.

• Not in a subfamily classified: Pottingeria Prain ( The position of this genus in the system was discussed at length and it was placed in its own family Pottingeriaceae One can now clearly incorporated into the Celastraceae and here she takes a basal position. ): It contains only one type: Pottingeria acuminata Prain: It comes in South Asia before ( Assam to Thailand).

Swell

• The Celastraceae family. in APWebsite. (Sections Description and systematics)
• The families of the Celastraceae. Parnassiaceae. and Siphonodontaceae. DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. ( Description section )
• Entry in the Western Australian flora. ( Description section )
• Jin- shuang Ma Zhixiang Zhang, Liu Quanru, Hua Peng, Michele Funston: Celastraceae, pp. 439 - text the same online as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 11: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3. (Description and identification key of the Chinese taxa with distribution )
• Mohammad Amin Siddiqi: Celastraceae. in the Flora of Pakistan: Description - Online. ( Description section )
• Li Bing Zhangab, Mark P. Simmons: Phylogeny and Delimitation of the Celastrales Inferred from Nuclear and Plastid Genes. In: Systematic Botany. 31, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 122-137. doi: 10.1600/036364406775971778
• David John Mabberley: Mabberley 's Plant -Book. A portable dictionary of plants, Their classification and uses. 3rd ed Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4