Full-rigged ship

A full rigged ship is a tall ship type with at least three square-rigged masts completely. The number of yards can vary in this case: For undivided Mars and Bramsegeln with Royals ( clipper ), there are four, for divided Mars and Bramsegeln (modern Windjammerrigg ) six, when Jubiläumsrigg five yards ( no royals ). The rearmost ( eight first ) carries an additional mast gaff sail ( spanker ) to support tack and jibe maneuvers. In addition to the gaff sail a square-rigged ship carrying more than so-called fore- staysail, which are fastened to the shrouds sail: the bowsprit to the foremast usually four, rarely five jib sail and staysail between the masts typical three.

Distinguish it from other types of ships and names

Ships with a larger number of poles are called " four-masted full-rigged ship " or " five-masted full-rigged ship " - a higher number of masts there was only schooners and barquentines. A minimum three-masted sailing ship rahgetakeltes whose mizzen mast only has fore- and not square sail is called the Bark (or four-masted barque or five-masted ) and usually not counted as full- ships ( exceptions sometimes meet at four-and five -masted barques ); a sailing vessel square-rigged masts with only two ( and no other schratgetakelteten mast ) is called Brigg. One with only one square-rigged and no further schratgetakelten mast is a cutter.

Often, full-rigged ships are also referred to as Fregattschiff. This is misleading, frigates since been formed in the 17th century, when it did not exist, the full-rigged ship rigging in its present form. Especially smaller frigates were at this time still often only a lateen sail on the last pole. In the 18th century, were then all larger vessels, and hence frigates, vollgetakelt. Historically, the term " Fregattschiff " goes back to the Blackwall frigates, a type of ship which historically represented the transitional form between India driver and clippers. These vessels, in principle, disarmed and used as a fast cargo ships frigates were the first civil use, full-rigged ships with a modern rig.

Mast result

The mast sequence of a full- ship from front to aft is:

• Foremast, mainmast, mizzen mast - the mast always last a full ship.

The term " cross- mast " is because the braces and other lines are not performed as with the other masts, aft, but "crosswise" run to the other side of the ship.

The four-masted full-rigged ship has in third position the "roller mast ":

• Foremast, mainmast, aft mast, mizzen mast

He is sometimes called the " main mast ", because of the even number of masts never " center pole ". Is the " mizzen " The fourth and last position. A different naming the masts of a full four-mast ship is: foremast, mainmast, and mizzen mast Jager (see also sail plan ), but is derived from the English, in which the fourth mast jigger mast ( " Tanzermast " ) is called. This sailing vessel type was very popular in the UK - there were about 40 units. In Germany never such a rig was built, and a few four-masted full-rigged ships were sailing under the German flag. Apart from the unique Peter Rickmers of 1889 - it was the world's only sailing ship with Skysegeln on all four pylons - there was the 1889 for the Bremer Reederei H. Bischoff & Co. for four-masted full-rigged ship H. Bischoff converted steamer Ville de Paris in 1865, that from 1889 to 1900 under the German flag went aground, and the County of Edinburgh, which sailed from 1904 to 1914 when Frieda under the house flag of A. Witte from Bremen - umgeriggt by Marine Author Basil Lubbock for four-masted barque, after H.-J. Furrer as a four-masted full-rigged ship.

Four-masted full-rigged ships as the Lord Wolseley (built in 1883, when Columbia 1898 JC Tidemann & Co., Bremen), Drumcliff (built in 1887, when Omega 1898 Rhedereigesellschaft of 1896) and Ellesmere (built in 1886, when Schiffbek 1898 Knöhr & Burchard, Hamburg) were umgeriggt to four-masted barques, when they came to Germany.

It should also be noted that the Lloyd 's Register to around 1890 several units, referred to as " four-masted ship" that never had a Vollschiffrigg, but from the beginning the a four-masted barque. This included, for example, Richard Wagner, in 1886 built by John C. Tecklenborg on their own account. She was rigged as a four-masted barque always, but was registered at Lloyd's as a " four-masted ship".

The five-masted full-rigged ship than other pole the center mast. Apart from the luxury cruise ship Royal Clipper there were in the world merchant fleet, only one copy of this type: the Prussians:

• Foremast, mainmast, center mast, aft mast ( main mast ), mizzen mast - standard naming

On board of Prussia was called in honor of F. Laeisz the fourth mast aft mast instead of the Laeisz mast, what you also with the fourth pole of Potosi, the mizzen mast, did:

• Foremast, mainmast, center pole, Laeisz mast, mizzen mast.

Historical Development

The origins of the full ship - rig can be traced back to the 15th century where three-masted ships with square sails on the first two and a lateen sail on the last mast appeared for the first time. With increasing all ships masts were gradually supplemented by additional sailing storeys of square sails. At the beginning of the 17th century then also got the rearmost mast a square sail above the lateen sail. This was then replaced in the 18th century by a gaff sail, so that from then existed to the full-rigged ship in its present form.

When the Windjammer were bigger and a ship with three masts led to large yards and sails, four-masted full-rigged ships were built. But it turned out that the square sails were unfavorable on the fourth mast and the ship could be steered hard. In addition, the square sails were on the last mast generally difficult to use, and the type of ship was labor-intensive. Therefore, the four-masted sailing ship type was for the big windjammer preferred ( eg, Sedov and Krusenstern ). Today take some full vessels sail-training ships, four-masted full-rigged ships are in driving, no more. The last surviving ship of this type, the Falls of Clyde, is a museum ship in Honolulu ( Hawaii).

The Royal Clipper the shipping company " Star Clippers ", a luxury cruise ship with a rig ( two masts with 5 yards, 2 poles with 6 yards and a mast with only 4 yards ) similar to the one fünfmastigen full ship (all poles with min. 5 yards ) of Prussia was modeled; the Four Masters this shipping company, the Star Flyer and Star Clipper, are four-masted staysail barquentines.

Sailing Technical

The measure of how high or hard a Rahschiff sails to the wind, determines the position of the yards. A schratbesegeltes ship (schooner ) can, therefore, much higher sail close to the wind because its sails can be parallel to the ship's longitudinal axis, yards always to form an angle.

Known ships full

• ( Three-masted ) full-rigged ships Af Chapman, launched in 1888 in Whitehaven, Cumbria (England ), now moored in Stockholm as a youth hostel
• Khersones, launched in 1989, home port of Kerch, Ukraine
• Cutty Sark ( clipper ), launched in 1869, home port of London, in 2007 almost completely burned out.
• Christian Radich, launched in 1939, home port of Oslo, Norway
• Dar Młodzieży, launched in 1982, home port of Gdynia, Poland
• Dar Pomorza, launched in 1909, home port of Gdynia, Poland
• Druzhba (ship), launched in 1987, home port Odessa
• Duchesse Anne, launched in 1901, ex Grand Duchess Elisabeth, Dunkirk, France
• Georg Stage II, launched in 1934, home port of Copenhagen, Denmark
• I, launched in 1987, home port Saint Petersburg
• Libertad, launched in 1956, home port of Buenos Aires, Argentina
• Rickmers Rickmers, launched in 1896, a museum ship in Hamburg (1904 to Bark umgeriggt )
• Training ship Germany, launched in 1927, Navy Memorial in Vegesack
• Sørlandet, launched in 1927, home port of Kristiansand, Norway
• Stad Amsterdam, launched in 2000, nachgebauter East India clipper

• Four-masted full-rigged ships Peter Rickmers, Launched in 1889, the only ever built for a German shipowner four-masted full-rigged ship, stranded in 1908 and burned in front of New York
• Falls of Clyde, launched in 1878 in Port Glasgow, museum ship since 1968 in Honolulu, Hawaii. 1899 umgeriggt the four-masted barque
• Lancing, launched in 1865 as a steamer Periere in Glasgow, 1888 rebuilt in Blyth for the four-masted full-rigged ship, a fast at the time known ship

• Five-masted full-rigged ships Prussia, Flying P -Liner of F. Laeisz, 1902-1910
• Royal Clipper, luxury cruise ship with five square-rigged masts, shipping company " Star Clippers "