Goatfish

Parupeneus cyclostomus

Mullet or mullet ( Mullidae ) are a widespread family of perch relatives ( Percomorphaceae ). The family includes about 80 species. They are found in warm coastal regions of all oceans, rarely in brackish water. With living in freshwater barbel they are not closely related. Distribution area with about 30 species are the waters around Indonesia.

Features

Mullets have an elongated, slightly laterally flattened body and are 7-60 cm long. The head profile is steep, the back arched, the ventral side almost straight. The two dorsal fins are separated by a relatively wide space. The first is supported by six to eight spines, the second of a sting and eight to nine soft rays. In the anal fin there are a sting and five to eight soft rays. She is always shorter than the second dorsal fin. The caudal fin is forked. Are located on the tip of the lower jaw two long flexible barbels that can be covered during free swimming in pits. You are chemosensory and used for foraging. The mouth is small, inferior, protaktil ( vorstülpbar ) and covered with small teeth. The number of vertebrae is 24, the swim bladder is small. Mullets are colored colorful in many cases, often dominated by reds. Some species can change the pattern on the skin of streaky to spotty or plain. In a kind of different color morphs may occur. Mullets have relatively large roundhouse or only slightly toothed comb scales.

Way of life

Mullets live near the coast in shallow water. There are diurnal and nocturnal species. Looking at smaller squads or larger shoals of sand or silt bottoms and seagrass beds from for food and feed on small benthic invertebrates ( worms, molluscs, echinoderms small ) and small fish. When rooting they stir up sand and mud clouds and are often used by other fish (especially wrasses ) accompanied, eat the leftover food particles. Mullets are free spawners that operate no brood care. The eggs contain a drop of oil and pelagic float in the open water, the larvae also.

Outer systematics

Traditionally, the mullet are placed in the order of Perciformes ( Perciformes ), which is poly-and paraphyletic in its old composition. However, the comparison of DNA sequences results in a close relationship with the pipefish -like ( Syngnathiformes ) and Betancur -R. and colleagues to arrange the mullets in their new classification of bony fishes of this order. The relationship between these outwardly quite different groups based solely on comparison of DNA sequences and is not yet supported by morphological autapomorphies. Near and employees are finding a Schwestergruppenverhälnis between pipefish -like and the mullet, but do not go so far as to ask the mullets in the order of Syngnathiformes.

Inside systematics

There are about 80 species in six genera:

  • Genus Mulloidichthys Whitley, 1929. Mulloidichthys Ayliffe Uiblein, 2011.
  • Mexican mullet ( Mulloidichthys gyrus ) ( Gill, 1862).
  • Yellow stripe goatfish ( Mulloidichthys flavolineatus ) ( Lacépède, 1801).
  • Yellow goatfish ( Mulloidichthys martinicus ) ( Cuvier, 1829).
  • Mulloidichthys mimicus Randall & Gueze, 1980.
  • Mulloidichthys pfluegeri ( Steindachner, 1900).
  • Yellowfin goatfish ( Mulloidichthys vanicolensis ) ( Valenciennes, 1831).
  • Mullus arge tinae Hubbs & Marini, 1933.
  • Mullus auratus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882.
  • Red mullet ( Mullus barbatus) Linnaeus, 1758.
  • Red mullet ( Mullus surmuletus ) Linnaeus, 1758.
  • Parupeneus angulatus Randall & Heemstra, 2009.
  • Two colors of red mullet ( Parupeneus barberinoides ) ( Bleeker, 1852).
  • Dash-dot goatfish ( Parupeneus barbe rinus ) ( Lacépède, 1801).
  • Parupeneus biaculeatus ( Richardson, 1846).
  • Parupeneus chrysonemus ( Jordan & Evermann, 1903).
  • Parupeneus chrysopleuron ( Temminck & Schlegel, 1843).
  • White stripe mullet ( Parupeneus ciliatus ) ( Lacépède, 1802).
  • Parupeneus crassilabris ( Valenciennes, 1831).
  • Yellow goatfish ( Parupeneus cyclostomus ) ( Lacépède, 1801).
  • Parupeneus diagonalis Randall, 2004.
  • Red Sea goatfish ( Parupeneus forsskali ) ( Fourmanoir & Gueze, 1976).
  • Parupeneus fraserorum Randall & King, 2009.
  • Rottupfen - mullet ( Parupeneus heptacanthus ) ( Lacépède, 1802).
  • Indian bar ( Parupeneus indicus ) ( Shaw, 1803).
  • Parupeneus insularis Randall & Myers, 2002.
  • Parupeneus jansenii ( Bleeker, 1856).
  • Parupeneus louise Randall, 2004.
  • Short strip -Barbe ( Parupeneus macronemus ) ( Lacépède, 1801).
  • Parupeneus margaritatus Randall & Gueze, 1984.
  • Parupeneus minys Randall & Heemstra, 2009.
  • Parupeneus moffitti Randall & Myers, 1993.
  • Manybar -Barbe ( Parupeneus multifasciatus ) ( Quoy & Gaimard, 1825).
  • Parupeneus nam Randall & Heemstra, 2009.
  • Parupeneus orientalis ( Fowler, 1933).
  • Parupeneus pleurostigma ( Bennett, 1831).
  • Parupeneus porphyreus ( Jenkins, 1903).
  • Parupeneus posteli Fourmanoir & Gueze, 1967.
  • Parupeneus procerigena Kim & Amaoka, 2001.
  • Stripes - mullet ( Parupeneus rubescens ) ( Lacépède, 1801).
  • Parupeneus seychellensis (Smith & Smith, 1963).
  • Japanese mullet ( Parupeneus spilurus ) ( Bleeker, 1854).
  • Parupeneus trifasciatus ( Lacépède, 1801).
  • Pseudupeneus grandisquamis ( Gill, 1863).
  • Pseudupeneus maculatus ( Bloch, 1793).
  • Pseudupeneus prayensis ( Cuvier, 1829).
  • Upeneichthys lineatus ( Bloch & Schneider, 1801).
  • Upeneichthys stotti Hutchins, 1990.
  • Upeneichthys vlamingii ( Cuvier, 1829).
  • Upeneus asymmetricus Lachner, 1954.
  • Upeneus Australiae Kim & Nakaya, 2002.
  • Upeneus davidaromi Golani, 2001.
  • Upeneus doriae ( Günther, 1869).
  • Upeneus filifer ( Ogilby, 1910).
  • Upeneus Francisi Randall & Gueze, 1992.
  • Upeneus guttatus ( Day, 1868).
  • Upeneus Heemstra Uiblein & Gouws, 2014.
  • Upeneus indicus Uiblein & Heemstra, 2010.
  • Upeneus itoui Yamashita, Golani & Motomura, 2011.
  • Upeneus japonicus ( Houttuyn, 1782 ).
  • Upeneus luzonius Jordan & Seale, 1907.
  • Upeneus Margarethä Uiblein & Heemstra, 2010.
  • Upeneus mascareinsis Fourmanoir & Gueze, 1967.
  • Moluccas Barbe ( Upeneus moluccensis ) ( Bleeker, 1855).
  • Upeneus mouthami Randall & Kulbicki, 2006.
  • Upeneus oligospilus Lachner, 1954.
  • Upeneus parvus Poey, 1852.
  • Pori Ben- Tuvia Upeneus & Golani, 1989.
  • Upeneus quadrilineatus Cheng & Wang, 1963.
  • Upeneus randalli Uiblein & Heemstra, 2011.
  • Upeneus SAIAB Uiblein & Lisher, 2013.
  • Upeneus seychellensis Uiblein & Heemstra, 2011.
  • Upeneus stenopsis Uiblein & McGrouther, in 2012.
  • Upeneus suahelicus Uiblein & Heemstra, 2010.
  • Upeneus subvittatus ( Temminck & Schlegel, 1843).
  • Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier, in 1829.
  • Upeneus sundaicus ( Bleeker, 1855).
  • Upeneus supravittatus Uiblein & Heemstra, 2010.
  • Upeneus taeniopterus Cuvier, in 1829.
  • Median strip - mullet ( Upeneus tragula ) Richardson, 1846.
  • Upeneus vanuatu Uiblein & Causse, 2013.
  • Upeneus vittatus ( Forsskål, 1775).
  • Upeneus xanthogrammus Gilbert, 1892.
Acanthomorpha Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Chemoreceptor Autapomorphy Franz Steindachner Achille Valenciennes David Starr Jordan Pieter Bleeker John Richardson (naturalist) Hermann Schlegel George Shaw Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider Felipe Poey Joseph S. Nelson Digital Object Identifier FishBase
561406
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