Hemerocallidoideae
Hemerocallis fulva, illustration.
Tagliliengewächse ( Hemerocallidoideae Lindl, Syn. Hemerocallidaceae R.Br. ) are a subfamily of the grass tree family Cucurbitaceae ( Xanthorrhoeaceae ) in the order of the asparagus -like ( Asparagales ) within the monocot plants ( monocots ). The botanical name of the eponymous genus Hemerocallis is derived from the Greek: Hemera day and Kallos for beauty.
- 4.1 Literature
- 4.2 Notes and references
Description
Habitus and sheets
There are perennial herbaceous plants. As storage organs they have rhizomes or tubers (but no onions ).
The leaves are arranged opposite one another and usually two lines in a basal rosette. The simple leaf blade is lanceolate and parallel-veined.
Inflorescences and flowers
The flowers are borne in differently shaped inflorescences.
The hermaphrodite flowers are triple and zygomorphic. The six bracts are alike ( perianth ). There are usually two circles, each with three stamens present; for example, in Agrostocrinum, Arnocrinum, John Sonia and Stawellia missing a stamen circle. The three carpels per flower are syncarp, superior ovaries grow together. Pollination is by insects or birds.
Fruit and seeds
There are ( for example Hemerocallis ) or form berries ( for example, Dianella ) formed lokulizidale capsule fruits. Most seeds are black. Often (but not, for example at Arnocrinum and Tricoryne ) the seeds have an aril. Of the Australian species Tricoryne simplex, Hodgsoniola junciformis, Caesia chlorantha, Caesia micrantha, Caesia occidentalis, Caesia setifera, Caesia parviflora, Caesia alpina, Caesia calliantha, Caesia rigidifolia, Corynotheca lateriflora, Corynotheca licrota, Corynotheca unicantha, Corynotheca flexnosissima, Corynotheca pungens, Corynotheca asperata, Hens Mania turbinata, Hens Mania stoniella, Hens Mania chapmanii, John Sonia teretifolia, John Sonia pubescens, John Sonia acaulis, John Sonia inconspicua, Strawellia gymnocephala, Strawellia dimorphantha is known to be spread by ants, which are attracted by the elaiosomes seeds ( myrmecochory ).
Systematics and distribution
The distribution of the family is almost worldwide. Be mentioned: the Pacific Islands, particularly Australia (the eight genera of the family of the former Johnsoniaceae ), Europe to Asia, Malayan Archipelago, India, Madagascar, Africa and South America.
The molecular genetic studies in the last ten years have meant that the family boundaries within the order of asparagus -like ( Asparagales ) have dramatically shifted. The systematics of this genus, subfamily, family, was discussed at length, so it is in the literature often encounter apparent inconsistencies. Shown here is the classification by Mark W. Chase et al. 2009th The grass tree family Cucurbitaceae ( Xanthorrhoeaceae Dum. ) Was extended Asphodelus ( Asphodelaceae ) and Tagliliengewächse ( Hemerocallidaceae ) to the taxa of the former families. The former family Hemerocallidaceae R.Br. is the rank of a subfamily Hemerocallidoideae Lindl. downgraded.
The family name Hemerocallidaceae was published in 1810 by Robert Brown in Prodromus Novae Florae Hollandiae et insulae Van Diemen, p 295. The name Hemerocallidoideae was published in 1846 by John Lindley in The Vegetable Kingdom, 201, 205; another indication of the publication is Hemerocallidoideae Kostel. , gen. Med -Pharm. Fl, 1:. 168 May 1831st
For a long time there was this family, subfamily today, from the only genus Hemerocallis it is since 1998 has been significantly expanded. The taxa of the former families Dianellaceae Salisb. , Geitonoplesiaceae Conran, Johnsoniaceae JTLotsy and Phormiaceae J.Agardh now belong to the family of Hemerocallidaceae. The genera of RFJ Henderson & HT Clifford 1984 the Dianellaceae to Phormiaceae J.Agardh ( then with Agrostocrinum, Dianella, Eccremis, Pasithea, Phormium, Rhuacophila, Stypandra, Thelionema ) were incorporated into the Hemerocallidaceae. The genera of as a purely Australian (but at least Caesia has a wider distribution ) prestigious Johnsoniaceae JTLotsy ( John Sonia, Tricoryne, Hodgsoniola, Caesia, Corynotheca, Hens Mania, Strawellia ) were recently incorporated into the Hemerocallidaceae. Some genera were formerly also provided to the Agavaceae or Anthericaceae.
The previously unclassified species here Xeronema Brongn. & Gris since 2000 constituting a separate family Xeronemataceae MWChase, Rudall & MFFay.
To the subfamily of Tagliliengewächse ( Hemerocallidoideae ) now includes 19-20 genera with about 85 species (selection):
- Agrostocrinum F.Muell. Having only two types. There are endemic species in southern Western Australia.
- Arnocrinum Endl. & Clay. Having few species in Australia.
- Caesia R.Br. (including Nanolirion Benth. ): about eleven species in the capensis, in New Guinea and Australia ( eight species).
- Corynotheca F.Muell. ex Benth. having about six species in Australia.
- Flat lilies ( Dianella Lam ex Juss.. ): About 25 to 45 Its distribution ranges from Africa, South Asia, on the Pacific islands to Hawaii and from New Zealand to Australia (25 species).
- Eccremis Willd. ex Baker: with the only kind: Eccremis coarctata ( Ruiz & Pav ) Baker: Its distribution area are the entire Andean and ranges from Venezuela to Surinam and Costa Rica.
- Herpolirion novae- zelandiae Hook. f: it has deposits in New South Wales and New Zealand.
- Hodgsoniola junciformis (F. Muell. ) F. Muell. in South Australia.
- Pasithea caerulea ( Ruiz & Pav ) D.Don: It is native from Peru to Chile.
- Phormium cookianum Le Jolis
- New Zealand flax ( Phormium tenax JRForst. & G.Forst. )
- Simethis mattiazzii ( Vand. ) Sacc. ( Syn: Simethis planifolia (L.) Gren & Godr. . ) That is found in western Europe and the western Mediterranean region.
- Stypandra glauca R.Br.: The home of the Australian states of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia and South Australia.
Use
Hemerocallis species are used in many ways: flower buds, flowers, leaves and young shoots are eaten raw or cooked. The tubers of Hemerocallis fulva be eaten raw or cooked; they taste nutty and especially young tubers well. The tubers of Hemerocallis plicata be eaten raw or cooked; they taste radish -like but not as sharp. Medical effects have been investigated. From the dried leaves shoes are made. Especially Hemerocallis fulva by there are many varieties that are used around the world as ornamentals in parks and gardens.
The New Zealand flax ( Phormium tenax ) is used in many ways: The nectar collected from the flowers and eaten. The roasted seeds are used as a coffee substitute. The vegetable juice from the base of the leaves is used as food. The fibers of the sheets is an important raw material for producing fabrics and cables, but also for the production of paper. The juice is generated by the fiber production is fermented into alcohol. The leaves are used in many ways, for example to produce baskets. The flowers are used for dyeing. The flowers contain tannins. The second type Phormium cookianum is used almost equally diverse. Also be used as an ornamental plant some varieties, but they tend to run wild in frost-free areas.
Some Dianella species the fruits are eaten raw or cooked.