Humber Bridge
53.706259 - 0.45001Koordinaten: 53 ° 42 ' 22.5 "N, 0 ° 27 ' 0 " W
F1
The Humber Bridge is with a center span of 1410 meters, one of the longest suspension bridges spanning since 1981, near Kingston upon Hull to Hessle and the Humber between Barton -upon -Humber. After its construction it was about 17 years, the longest suspension bridge in the world.
For a long time presented the estuary of the Humber harm the economic development of the two shorelines dar. So there were already well over a hundred years ago, considerations, either to build a tunnel or a bridge.
The first serious proposal for a crossing of the Humber was a tunnel variant from the year 1872. It was supported by traders and merchants from Hull, as they were dissatisfied with the former ferry. Over the next hundred years various proposals to establish a firm connection between the two shores were made.
In 1928 the plan a bridge four kilometers west of the city was taken by the City Council between Hessle Hull to build on the North and Barton -upon -Humber on the south side of the estuary. When Britain was, however, recorded shortly thereafter by the world economic crisis in 1929, the project disappeared without a trace.
Renewed plans for a bridge were passed in the 1930s and revised in 1955. The 1959 adopted Humber Bridge Act was sponsored by the Kingston Upon Hull Corporation. As a result, the Humber Bridge Board was established. It had to buy up the task of providing the necessary funds for bridge construction as well as the access roads required for the country.
Distraught over the long period of waiting for a fixed link, Christopher Rowe wrote a protest song entitled The Humber Bridge.
The bridge's construction finally began on 26 July 1972. The planning of the construction were Freeman Fox & Partners acquired ( with its present name Hyder Consulting). The superstructure was carried out by a joint venture led by Sir William Arrol & Co., at that time part of Northern Engineering Industries plc. The other partners were Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Co., Ltd., John Thompson. and Dorman Long.
The bridge was officially opened by Elizabeth II after nine years of construction on 17 July 1981.
Financing
The lower than expected annual traffic on the bridge with the associated lower toll revenues to repay debt means that tolls shall be levied for longer than was originally planned.
The easy drive over the bridge by car currently costs £ 1.50. The bridge was the only one in the United Kingdom, which raised tolls for motorcycles. In 2004, this led to an unusual kind of protest of a large number of motorcyclists: To obstruct the traffic behind as long as possible, the bikers were with the payment of the toll, a lot of time. They moved first the helmet and gloves from her, only to pay with large bills if possible. The police registered a result of the protest, a 6 -km-long backwater. Although many letter writers demanded the abolition of fees for motorcycles, they remained still exist.
In order to ensure the maintenance of the bridge continue, passed the British Parliament in 1996 the Humber Bridge ( Debts ) Act; with this, the financial structure of the Humber Bridge Board has been reorganized. The bulk of the debt was indeed exposed, but not completely adopted. Now that the active part of the debt is reduced, they are gradually reactivated.
In 2006, was submitted to Parliament a advocated by the deputies Shona McIsaac bill. The template would mean changes to the Humber Bridge Act 1959. This change should allow toll-free bridge crossings on the occasion of medical treatments as well as appoint two members of the Humber Bridge Board to representatives of the NHS. Although the submission even came across bipartisan agreement ( and was supported by Home Secretary David Davis and all other members of Parliament North Lincolnshire and East Yorkshire ), had later this year will not have enough time to implement.
On 1 September 2007, the MEPs Diana Wallis and business representatives was supported by the Cancer Patients Involvement Group, the Road Haulage Association, staged a protest at the bridge. The government responded to the action, any concessions or decrees in the tolls of the bridge were a matter of the Humber Bridge Board.
In view of rising tolls started in October 2008, the Scunthorpe Telegraph, the Grimsby Telegraph and the Hull Daily Mail a campaign with the aim of abolishing fees. Merely reducing the user cost of £ 1 was considered as a realistic alternative.
The independent inspector Neil Taylor discussed the pros and cons of the Toll. On 1 April 2012, the charges have been reduced, adopted for all motorcycles.
And from the south side ...
An easy drive over the bridge currently costs:
- For motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians - free of charge
- £ 1.50 for automotive ≤ 3,5 t
- £ 4.00 for car and 3.5-7.5 t for vehicle > 7.5t with two axles and Coach
- £ 12.00 for vehicle > 7.5t with three or more axles
The bridge carries a four-lane road with one foot and bike path on both sides. On the bridge there is a permanent speed limit of 80 km / h
The Humber Bridge is measured a total of anchor block to anchor block 2220 m long. It has a span between the pylons is 1410 m, the north side of the opening 280 meters and the southern 530 m.
Each pylon comprises a pair of 155.5 m high reinforced concrete pillars, with a hollow cross-section; these are the basic 6 m wide and taper upwards to 4.5 m. The piers were built in Gleitschalungsbauweise without any lateral bracing. Only then they were reinforced by a cross bar just below the bridge deck and three other at equal intervals above the road. The pylons are to vary by up to 3 m in a position during a hurricane (wind force 12). The pillars stand by the earth's curvature caused above 36 mm further apart than the bottom. The foundations of the ligands located on the northern bank Pylons are 8 m deep. The southern pylon stands in the water and has a 36 m deep foundation.
The bridge deck is, as with all of Freeman Fox & Partners since the Severn Bridge designed suspension bridges, not from a truss, but from an aerodynamically-shaped, 22 m wide and just 4.5 m high steel box girder on which on both sides 3 m cantilevered walkways are attached.
The suspension ropes have a diameter of 68 cm. The hangers are not vertical, but alternately obliquely forwardly and obliquely backward stretched, so that the supporting cables and the track support always end two hangers at a common attachment point and a zig -zag- shaped pattern.
The length of the built-up for the bridge steel cables ranging from nearly twice to circumnavigate the earth. A total of 480,000 tonnes of concrete were used for the bridge.
The bridge lasted until the completion of the Great Belt Bridge in June 1997, for 16 years the record as the longest suspension bridge in the world. After 1998, the Akashi - Kaikyo Bridge was opened, they fell back to third place in this category. Through the construction of three other suspension bridges in China and one in South Korea, the Humber Bridge is currently (as of 2013) is the seventh longest suspension bridge in the world. Since the beginning it is the longest traversable on foot bridge in the world. She serves as the climax of the famous Humber Bridge Half Marathon.