Kurdish literature

The Kurdish literature is not as well developed as the other literature of the region ( Turkish literature, Persian literature). The vast majority of Kurdish narratives has been and is transmitted orally and passed on. Written literature existed until the early 20th century, mostly of poetry. Due to political and social developments, the share of prose was greater. The Kurdish literature for decades was exposed in the 20th century in her native restrictions and prohibitions. With the emigration to Europe, the Kurds developed here an exile literature, which was not insignificant for the development in the home countries.

History

Well-known and widespread stories are the songs and epics from meme Alan and Siyamend u Xecê. These stories have been handed down by bards ( Dengbêj ) and storytellers ( Çirokbêj ). The earliest known Kurdish poets were Elî Herîrî, Melaye Cezîrî, Feqiyê Teyran, Ehmedê XANI and Melleye Bate. This poet lived between the 15th and 18th centuries and compacted to Kurmanji. Literary center of the Kurds was at that time the Principality Botan with capital Cizre. In addition to the towns of Cizre Sulaimaniyya and Sanandaj were other important literary centers. In Sulaymaniyah, the capital of the principality of Baban, the Sorani developed a literary language, and is now in Iraq official language, while the Iraqi Kurmanji is not as strongly developed. Another important literary language is the Gorani. Although it is not Kurdish, it is also expected to Kurdish literature. Supporters of the Gorani was the Principality of Ardalan with Sanandaj. The Goraniliteratur decreased with time more important. This literature was influenced more than the Kurmanji by its proximity to Iran from the Persian style.

With the end of the Ottoman Empire, the Kurdish area of ​​settlement between several countries ( Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria) was divided. From then on, the development of Kurdish literature was varied in the different parts of Kurdistan. There could be no common literature and high-level language through the different dialects spoken there and the use of different alphabets. However, the Kurdish literature could be continuously under limited financial conditions in exile.

Due to the favorable conditions for development of language and culture in Iraq, the Kurdish literature could be there very encouraged. Many Kurdish intellectuals fled to Iraq after the establishment of the Turkish Republic and the new Turkish policy. These included Refik Hilmi, Tewfik Wehbi, Pîremêrd and M. Emin Zeki. It was here that in 1939 the magazine Gelawêj. This allowed the foundations of modern Kurdish prose to be further developed. The leading names to Gelawêj were Alladdin Seccadi, Ibrahim Ahmed, and Äakir Fattah. At the universities of South Kurdistan today, the Kurdish language and literature are studied.

Living in the Soviet Union Kurdish writer published in 1930, the newspaper Riya Teze in Latin alphabet. Other Inskripte include the works of Emine Evdal, Erebê SEMO and Hecîyê Cindi. The Kurdish literature reached its peak in the 1960s by names like Fêrîkê usive, Emerîkê Serdar, viziers ESO, Sima Semend, Tosnê Resid, Ahmedê Hepo and Ezîzê Isko.

The situation in Turkey, where most Kurds live was, for decades dominated by prohibitions and restrictions. Kurdish writers could therefore write only abroad in Kurdish. However, by bringing Turkey closer to the EU, the situation has visibly relaxed. Nevertheless, the Kurdish literature is not as far developed as that in Iraq.

In German translation "the pregnant man", Mehmed Uzuns novel " In the Shadow of the Lost Love" and a book of poems by Sherko Bekas are available, among other things, a collection of short stories by Helim Yûsiv " pluck secrets of the night ."

Among the writers of Kurdish origin there are some who have become known for her prose, but not write in Kurdish, but in Turkish, Arabic and Persian such as Muhittin Zengane, Mahmoud Taymur, Salim Barakat ( Arabic), Nezir Bulbul ( German ), Ali Eşref Derwişan, Mansur Yakutî ( Persian), and Bekir Yildiz Yaşar Kemal (Turkish ).

Exile Literature

In exile shape the lives of Kurdish literature Kurdish writer who accompany them from their home country since their escape. The Kurdish scriptures operate largely in isolation. There are very few translations of their works and thus remains in the critical resonance in another language readership. They are thus primarily on the readership of their countries of exile, also Kurdish emigrants instructed. The writers in exile are often persecuted in their homeland. Therefore, their works are written in Kurdish prohibited.

Among the writers in exile include:

  • Mewlana Xalidê Naqäibendî (1773-1826)
  • Haci - Qadir Koyi î (1817-1897)
  • Nali (1797-1855)
  • Qado serine
  • January Dost
  • Mehmed Uzun
  • Silêman Demir
  • Laleä Qaso
  • Mahmut Baksi
  • Enver Karahan
  • Helim Yûsiv
  • Hesenê mete
  • Firat Cewerî
  • Kovan Sindi

Well-known writer

Kurmanci

  • Elî Herîrî (1425-1490? )
  • Mulla Ehmed (1417-1494) from Hakkari, author of Mewlud, a collection of verses and an anthology
  • Selîm Selman ( mid 16th century ) ( romance of Yusif and Zulaykha in 1586)
  • Melaye Cezîrî (1570-1640) from Botan
  • Feqiyê Teyran (1590-1660) student of Melaye Cezîrî. Wrote the first on the Battle of Dimdim in 1609-1610 between Kurds and Safavid
  • Ehmedê XANI (1651-1707) (Mem û Zin )

Sorani

  • Nali (1800-1873)
  • Haci Qadir Koi (1817-1897)
  • Şêx Reza Talebani (1835-1910)
  • Wefayi (1844-1902)

Gorani

  • Perisan Dînewerî (ca. 1395 )
  • Mustefa Bêsaranî (1642-1701)
  • Muhemmed Kendulaî ( l7 century)
  • Khana Qubadi ( Xana Qubadî ) ( 1700-1759 )
  • Muhemmed Zengene Xemnakî Kerkûkî (18th century)
  • Mirza Safi Dînewerî (18 century)
  • Şeyda Hewramî (1784-1852)
  • Ehmed Kumsî Beg (1796-1889)
  • Mastura Ardalan ( Mestûrey Erdelan ) ( 1805-1848 )
  • Tawagozi Mawlawi ( Mevlevi Tawegozî ) ( 1806-1882 )
  • Muhammad weli Kirmanşahî (ca. 1901)

20th century

  • Pîremêrd ( Tewfiq Beg Mehmûd Axa) ( 1868-1950 )
  • Celadet Ali Bedirxan (1893 [ 1897 ?] -1951 )
  • Ereb SEMO / Ereb Shamilov (1897-1978) from Armenia
  • Cigerxwîn ( Sheikmous Hasan ) ( 1903-1984 ) was born in Mardin, who died in Sweden
  • Abdullah Goran (1904-1962)
  • Sebri Osman (1905-1993)
  • Hemin (1920-1986)
  • Hejar (1920-1990)
  • Yaşar Kemal (1923 - )
  • Cemal Nebez (1933 - )
  • Sherko Bekas (1940-2013)
  • Letif Helmet (1947 - )
  • Ebdulah Peşêw / Pashew Abdullah (1947 - )
  • Refîq Sabir ( 1950 -)
  • Mehmed Uzun (1953-2007)
  • Nezir Bulbul (1970 - )
  • Abdusamet Yigit (1978 - )
Gorani language Ibrahim Ahmad Haji Qadir Koyi Wafayi Mastoureh Ardalan Abdulla Goran Jamal Nebez
492146
de