Lythraceae

Usually purple loosestrife ( Lythrum salicaria ), illustration

The Lythraceae ( Lythraceae ), and purple loosestrife plants, form a plant family in the order of Myrtenartigen ( Myrtales ). The blood pasture Riche together with the Sumpfquendel and water chestnut are the only occurring in Central European species of this plant family. The oldest fossils that are associated with the Lythraceae family, are seeds from the Campanian ( Cretaceous ) from Mexico and from the Palaeocene of southern England, also fossil fruits, leaves and pollen were found.

• 4.1 Notes and references

Use

Among the loosestrife plants some dye come before supplying plant species. The best-known type is the Henna ( Lawsonia inermis ) is derived from the henna. Other examples are Woodfordia fruticosa, whose leaves provide red color. From bark and wood of some species Lafoensia yellow dyes are produced.

The pomegranate provides fruit and is used as an ornamental plant. The fruits of water chestnut can be eaten in East Asia, Malaysia and India as a vegetable. From Lythrum Portula the leaves are eaten raw or cooked. From Ammannia multiflora, the seeds are ground and used for baking cakes. From the seeds of Cuphea viscosissima oil can be extracted as an edible oil or for the cosmetic industry.

Valuable wood suppliers in the family are Brazilian rosewood ( Physocalymma scaberrimum ) guayacan ( Lafoensia speciosa) and different tree species of the genus of Lagerströmien ( Lagerstroemia ).

As ornamental trees in warm climates Chinese Lagerströmie be ( Lagerstroemia indica), Henna ( Lawsonia inermis ) and Woodfordia fruticosa planted. As ornamental plants are Cuphea species, to name example Zigarettenfuchsie ( Cuphea ignea ).

In the hunting and also a few species are used. Proven in the aquarium have, among other things Bachburgel and Cognakpflanze, but both types are also considered challenging.

Common Loosestrife, Lagerstroemia indica and Heimia salicifolia are medicinal plants.

Description

Appearance and leaves

They are mostly in the temperate zones, annual to perennial herbaceous plants; rare in the tropics, woody taxa: include shrubs and trees. Young twigs are often square.

The leaves are usually opposite, rarely they are arranged opposite one another and spiral or whorled. The simple leaf blades are pinnately and usually have a smooth edge. Stipules are absent or small.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers appear singly or zymösen in axillary or terminal, racemose, paniculate inflorescences or in Scheinquirlen.

The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry to zygomorph and usually have a double perianth ( perianth ). Often a hypanthium is present. The number of floral organs in each petal circles with this family very variable - from three to 16 - merous. There may be a minor calyx. The membranous to thick - leathery sepals are usually grown and often durable. The free petals are often wrinkled and can be nailed; rarely they are missing. There are usually eight to 16 ( four to 100) free, fertile stamens present. Usually two to four ( rarely up to six) carpels are fused to a syncarp, from constant to constant above (see sub-families ), two - to six - or multi-chambered ovary. The ovary chamber are many ovules present in central angle constant placentation. Heterostylie comes here frequently. The style ends in a capitate, conical - shield-shaped or dot-shaped scar. Pollination is by insects ( entomophily ).

Fruit and seeds

There are usually formed leathery seed capsules, which usually open at maturity. Rare berry-like fruits are formed. The fruits are usually partially wrapped up entirely of durable bloom cladding. The fruits usually contain many seeds. The rarely winged seeds contain no endosperm and have a straight embryo with two flat or rolled cotyledons ( cotyledons ).

Chromosomes

The chromosomes have a length of 1 to 4 microns. The basic chromosome numbers n = amount to mostly 8 ( 5 to 11). It is often demonstrated polyploidy.

Systematics and distribution

The Lythraceae family in 1805 was established by Jaume Saint- Hilaire in exposure of Familles Naturelles, 2, p 175. Type genus is Lythrum L.. Synonyms for Lythraceae J.St. - Hil. are: . Ammanniaceae Horaninow, Blattiaceae Niedenzu, Duabangaceae Takhtajan, Lagerstroemiaceae J.Agardh, Lawsoniaceae J.Agardh, Punicaceae Horan, Sonneratiaceae Engler, Trapaceae Dum.

You are widespread in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, some species are widespread in the temperate zones.

The Lythraceae family S. L. is in Graham et al. 2005 in five subfamilies and about 31 genera divided with 620-650 species:

• Subfamily Lythroideae Juss. ex Arn. = Lythraceae s.str. The ovary is upper constant. It contains about 28 genera: Adenaria Kunth: it contains only one type: Adenaria floribunda Kunth: It is widespread in Central and South America.

• Large Cognakpflanze ( Ammannia gracilis Guill. & Perr. )

• Capuronia madagascariensis Lour. It comes in Madagascar in dry to sub-arid areas only in the provinces of Antsiranana, Mahajanga and Toliara ago.

• Decodon verticillatus (L.) Elliott: It is widely used in Canada and the United States.

• American Bachburgel ( Didiplis diandra ( Nutt. ex DC ) AWWood. ): It is distributed in the United States.

• Galpinia transvaalica NEBr. It occurs only in the Transvaal.

• Ginoria americana Jacq. The home is Cuba.
• Ginoria arborea Britton: The home is Cuba.
• Ginoria buchii ( Urb. ) SAGraham: The home is Hispaniola.
• Ginoria callosa OCSchmidt: The home is Hispaniola.
• Ginoria curvispina Koehne: The home is Cuba.
• Ginoria ginorioides ( Griseb. ) Britton: The home is Cuba.
• Ginoria glabra Griseb. The home is Cuba.
• Ginoria jimenezii Alain: The home is Hispaniola.
• Ginoria koehneana Urb. The home is Cuba.
• Ginoria lanceolata OCSchmidt: The home is Hispaniola.
• Ginoria nudiflora ( Hemsl. ) Koehne: It is the only Mexican Art
• Ginoria pulchra ( Ekman & OCSchmidt ) SAGraham: The home is Hispaniola.
• Ginoria rohrii ( Vahl ) Koehne: The home is Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.

• Heimia montana ( Griseb. ) Lillo
• Heimia myrtifolia Cham. & Schltdl.
• Sinicuichi ( Heimia salicifolia ( HBK ) Link & Otto ): From the leaves is the " Sinicuiche Potion " made ​​.

• Koehneria madagascariensis ( Baker) SAGraham, Tobe & Baas: It occurs only in Madagascar.

• Henna ( Lawsonia inermis L., Syn: L. alba Lam, L. spinosa L.. ): The flowers of this shrub are fourfold. The home is Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, the Comoros and Seychelles.

• Lourtella resinosa SAGraham, Baas & Tobe: It occurs in Peru and Bolivia.

• Pehria compacta ( Rusby ) Sprague: It is widespread in Central and South America.

• Pemphis acidula JRForster & G.Forster: It is distributed from eastern Africa to Madagascar on some Pacific Islands (Marshall Islands) to Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands. It is a shrub to small tree.

• Peplis alternifolia M.Bieb. It is mainly used in Europe, but occurs, for example in China.

• Physocalymma scaberrimum Pohl: It occurs in the New World.

• Tetra taxis salicifolia ( Thouars ex Tul. ) Baker: It occurs in Madagascar.

• Woodfordia fruticosa (L. ) Brief: The home is Southeast Asia including China.
• Woodfordia uniflora ( A.Rich. ) Koehne: It is widespread in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.

• Punica L.: Of the only two types one is widespread in Eurasia and is cultivated in many countries, the other type is endemic to the island of Socotra.

• Sonneratia L. f: The (four to ) about nine evergreen tree species thrive in the Pacific mangrove forests of East Africa to Indo- Malaysia's, Australia, New Guinea and the Western Pacific Islands.

• Duabanga Buchanan - Hamilton: With two to three tree species in evergreen rain forests of Southeast Asia: Duabanga grandiflora ( Roxburgh ex DC. ) Walp. ( Syn: Duabanga sonneratioides Buch.-Ham. ): The wood is utilized.
• Duabanga moluccana Blume
• Duabanga × taylorii Jayaweera

• Trapa L.: It contains only two species, many published species names are synonyms of Trapa natans L.: Trapa incisa sieve. & Zucc. ( Syn: Trapa maximowiczii Korshinsky ): It is distributed in Asia from India, Laos, Thailand, China, Vietnam, Korea, Russia's Far East, Japan, Malaysia and Indonesia.
• Water chestnut (Trapa natans L., there are many synonyms): It is widespread in Eurasia and Africa. In Australia and North America it is a neophyte. It is cultivated in many countries.

Swell

• The Lythraceae in the APWebsite family. (Sections systematics and description)
• Haining Qin, Shirley A. Graham & Michael G. Gilbert: Lythraceae, pp. 274-289 - text the same online as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 13 - Clusiaceae through Araliaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007 ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 (Sections Description, distribution and systematics).
• Jiarui Chen, Ding Bingyang & Michele Funston: Trapaceae, pp. 290 - text the same online as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 13 - Clusiaceae through Araliaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007. ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7
• M. Iqbal Dar: Lythraceae in the Flora of Pakistan online. ( Description section )
• Shirley A. Graham, J. Hall, Kenneth Sytsma & S.-H. Shi: Phylogenetic analysis of the Lythraceae based on four gene regions and morphology, In: International Journal of Plant Science, Volume 166, 2005, pp. 995-1017.
• Stefan A. Little, Ruth A. Stockey & Richard C. Keating: Duabanga -like leaves from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert and comparative leaf histology of Lythraceae sensu lato: in: American Journal of Botany, Volume 91, 2004, pp. 1126 - 1139th Full -text online. ( Section systematics and paleontology )
• Shirley Graham & Taciana Barbosa Cavalcanti, 2009: Neotropical Lythraceae at neotropikey.
• The families of the Lythraceae, Trapaceae and Sonneratiaceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. ( Description section )