Macrolepiota procera
Common giant Parasol mushroom ( Macrolepiota procera) in different age stages
The Common Parasol Ling, Parasol or parasol mushroom ( Macrolepiota procera ) is a fungus species from the family of mushroom relatives ( Agaricaceae ).
- 5.1 Outer systematics
- 5.2 Internal systematics
- 6.1 Etymology
- 6.2 edibility
- 7.1 Literature
- 7.2 Notes and references
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The hat is spherical young, wherein the fruiting body takes a cramming flail -like shape. Later, the hat spreads flat and reaches a width of 12 to 30, sometimes 40 centimeters. In the center it has a dull, remote hump. During the propagation of the hat, tearing his skin, so that concentrically arranged, little tightly-packed, medium-sized scales arise. They have a strong contrast to the predominantly white background and not extend to the edge. In the middle of the hat surface ruptures barely making it stays smooth and dark brown. The gills are initially white, later cream colored. You are not connected to the handle and can be easily detached from the hat. The stem is 15-40 cm long and 1-2.5 cm thick. At the base it is bulbous thickened and there up to 4 or 5 inches wide. The stem is genattert brown on the entire length on a light background. The ring is thick and cottony, sliding. It is constructed twice, and has a running groove. The lower part is brown shingled. The flesh is white and turns not apply to injury. The smell is weak fungal or semen table. The taste is slightly nutty. The spore powder is white to pale.
- Fruiting bodies in various stages of growth
" Paukenschlegel " with still closed hat
Full grown with aufgeschirmtem hat
Microscopic characteristics
The basidia have four spores and a Basalschnalle. The spores measure 12-18 × 9-11 (12 ) microns. They are ellipsoidal in shape and very thick-walled. They have a small germ pore and a hyaline cap. The fins blades are sterile. The cheilocystidia are up to 45 (55 ) × 20 microns in size. You are clavate, utriform wrong to pear-shaped. They often consist of two or three cells. The Hutdeckschicht is formed in the middle of 3.5-10 (14 ) microns thick, cylindrical hyphae. They are septate and have an intracellular pigment and places a thickened wall.
Artabgrenzung
The smaller and inedible Spitzschuppige sting screen Ling ( Lepiota aspera ) looks similar and is growing at comparable locations. He has an unpleasant odor and a hanging, not sliding ring. The very rare Poison Saffron Parasol mushroom ( Chlorophyllum venenatum ) and the North American native, but also in Europe sporadically occurring species Chlorophyllum molybdites cause severe gastro-intestinal complaints. The latter type is to be responsible in the United States for most mushroom poisonings.
Among the close relatives of a demarcation is particularly difficult. The common teat giant Parasol mushroom (M. mastoid ), the var after some opinions as M. procera was konradii subordinate to the Commons giant screen Ling, differs by more delicate fruiting bodies, a ring without running groove and a weak genatterten stem. The Sternschuppige giant Parasol mushroom (M. rhodosperma ) usually forms smaller fruits. He has only loosely lying, easily removable Hutschuppen whose edges stand out often. The slats have sometimes a pink slip. The stem is usually weaker than in genattert Commons giant Parasol mushroom. The green stain finish giant Parasol mushroom (M. olivascens ) and its f pseudoolivascens have a greenish discoloring hat. The Nordic giant Parasol mushroom (M. nordica ) has smaller Hutschuppen. His fins are whitish to pink colored and often have a gray-black edge. The stem is light but genattert coarser than the commons giant screen Ling almost bald or only at the base. The ring is double or complex. The Misunderstood teats giant Parasol mushroom (M. prominens ) has a significantly buckled hat with mostly small, ocher-colored scales. In this type also the Hutmitte is scaled. The handle has a fine, distant Natterung. The ring is simple or a little complex.
Ecology and phenology
The common giant Parasol mushroom is found in almost all mesophilic forest communities on loamy, fresh soils. In this case, clear beech, oak and oak -hornbeam forests on nutrient -rich ground and corresponding spruce forests and meadows and pastures, parks, paths and forest edges are preferred. The environmental claims are very similar to those of the Buschwindröschens. In acidic or sandy ground of the fungus occurs only sporadically and then before with abundance of nutrients. In humid areas it is hard to find. The common giant Parasol mushroom is found mainly in forests middle -aged and elderly. It can be found from the planar to subalpine altitudinal zone.
The Common Parasol Ling lives saprobiontisch. The fruiting bodies appear from July to November, sometimes sooner or later. In Mediterranean Europe, they can be found as early as May. 32 They occur singly and sociable, sometimes in fairy rings on.
Dissemination
Because often emerging ambiguities in the Artabgrenzung in the genre of giant screen Linge inaccuracies contained in the information may be. The common giant Parasol mushroom is widespread austral to boreal. He was found in the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia. In America, the area extends from Canada to Chile. It can be found in Kenya and Madagascar as well as in North Africa in Africa. In Asia, the type of Siberia and Eastern Russia is spread to Japan and in India. In Europe, it is, apart from the Arctic regions, everywhere. In Germany, the fungus is widespread and rarely anywhere.
System
Outer systematics
In species circle around the Commons giant screen Ling there was in the past years, numerous rearrangements. Macrolepiota konradii ( Huijsman 1943 ex PD Orton 1960) MM Moser in 1967 was often asked in this complex, which also confusions with the ( actual ) Sternschuppigen giant Parasol mushroom (M. rhodosperma ) were present. Currently, M. is seen konradii synonymous with the commons teats giant Parasol mushroom (M. mastoid ). Macrolepiota olivascens f pseudo- olivascens ( bellu & Lanzoni 1987) Hauskn. & Pidlich Aigner - 2004 also formerly counted as a variety of Commons giant Parasol mushroom.
Inside systematics
For commons giant screen Ling currently include the forms and varieties listed in the following table.
Importance
Etymology
The name Parasol ( borrowed from French parasol in the 18th century, from Italian para il sole " keep the sun off " ) an obsolete term for " umbrella " and alludes to its characteristic shape - large, umbrella-like hat on a long, thin stalk - at.
Feed value
All forms of Commons giant screen Lings are edible and are considered good edible mushrooms. Are used mostly hats, can be prepared as cutlets similar. The stems are often tough and not suitable for direct human consumption, but can be processed into mushroom powder. In very rare cases reported of nausea and vomiting after consuming.