Mongolian language

Spoken in

Altaic languages ( disputed) Mongolian languages Central Mongolian languages Khalkha Mongolian

Mon

Khk, mvf, mon ( macro language )

The Mongolian language (self- designation ᠮ ᠣ ᠨ ᠭ ᠭ ᠣ ᠯ ) in the narrower sense is the most spoken representatives of the Mongolian languages and the official language of the (outer) Mongolia. It forms the basis for the Mongolian written language in Cyrillic. Originally spoken by the tribes of the Khalkha, is the exact syntax of the language of the Mongolian state Khalkha Mongolian. Taking the Inner Mongolian dialects of Central Mongolian as Chahar or Harchin added, the Central Mongolian has about 6 million speakers.

4.1 noun 4.1.1 case
4.1.2 numerus
4.1.3 possessive suffixes
4.1.4 pronouns

Classification

The Khalkha Mongolian belongs to the central branch of the Mongolian languages , which are in turn combined with the Turkic and Tungusic languages to the Altaic languages ( The genetic unity of the Altaic languages is not generally accepted). It is closely related to the other Mongolian languages and not always clearly demarcated. In particular, the südmongolischen spoken in Inner Mongolia dialects and the dialects oiratischen in western Mongolia are sometimes considered separate languages. For the classification see the article Mongolian languages.

Geographical distribution

The Central Mongolian is the most spoken Mongolian language and is spoken by about 2.3 million speakers in the Mongolian Republic and about 3.5 million in Inner Mongolia. Furthermore, she finds herself as a minority language in Buryatia (Russia).

Phonetics and phonology

Consonants

The Khalkha Mongolian features a consonant:

Vowels

The Khalkha Mongolian features seven vowel phonemes: (Cyrillic / IPA )

All vowels occur on short and long; / u /, / ʊ /, / ɔ /, / e / and / a / with й as a diphthong.

The Mongolian has a vowel harmony. Here are the vowels in front ( female in Mongolian language ) that are / e /, / o / and / u /, as well as rear (Mongolian male ) that are / a /, / ɔ / and / ʊ /, divided; / i / is neutral. In a word usually come only front or only back vowels before / i / can occur with both.

Many suffixes occur in four different forms, a further distinction is added. The vowel of the suffix is guided by the last vowel of the stem and indeed according to the following scheme:

/ i / is ignored, contains a word only / i /, as appears [e ].

Emphasis

A word that contains only short vowels is always stressed on the first syllable, a word with long vowels or diphthongs is stressed on the first long vowel / diphthong. Unstressed short vowels are usually greatly reduced, at the end of the word they are completely abolished.

Morphology

The Mongolian characterized by an almost entirely suffigierende morphology and is counted among the agglutinative languages . More details and concrete examples for nominal and verbal morphology in the article Mongolian languages.

Noun

For the Mongolian noun especially the case category is relevant. Number plays a subordinate role, gender does not exist.

Case

Will be accepted eight case for the Mongolian generally, namely nominative, genitive, dative / locative, accusative, ablative, instrumental, comitative and allative.

Basic forms of case suffixes ( endings vary, partly depending on the ending of the tribe; 4 stands for the four forms of the suffix ( а / о / э / ө ), 3 for the three forms ( а / о / э ) and 2 for the two forms ( у / ү ) or ( а / э ) according to the vowel harmony; ):

Number

Numerusmarkierung is optional in the Mongolian and is rarely used. In use of number words no plural is marked mainly.

There are several Pluralsuffixe whose use is directed in part by phonological criteria, but usually is not predictable. The most common suffix is - ууд2, others are д - and - с. For nouns that refer to people, there are two other endings: - чууд2 ( with collective meaning) and нар2.

The plural suffix stands before the Kasussuffix.

Possessive suffixes

In addition to the ability to use personal pronouns in the genitive as a possessive pronoun, has the Mongolian suffixes with which ownership or membership can be expressed.

The possessive suffixes are after Kasussuffix.

Reflexive possessive: The suffix - аа4 membership is expressed to the subject of the sentence. Can be used this suffix, so the use of a possessive pronoun is not possible.
Personally - possessive: Is the noun not the subject of the sentence, the following suffixes are used:

Pronoun

My personal pronouns exist for the first and second person, for the third person used to the demonstrative энэ ( this (r)) and тэр (those (r)). Again, there is no distinction by gender. In the second person singular, there is a family like in German ( чи ) and a polite form ( та ). In the genitive plural distinction is made between inclusive ( бидний ) and exclusive ( манай ).

Verbs

The Mongolian has a rich repertoire of verbal forms. We distinguish between three morphological groups of suffixes, which fulfill different functions. They are used alone or in combination with each other to to express tense, aspect and mode. In addition to the modal shapes they show no congruence.

Finite verbs can only occur as the predicate of a main clause. It further distinguishes the groups of indicative forms and the desire and command forms.
Converbs occur only in dependence. Either they are embedded directly from a verb or they are used as the predicate of a subordinate clause.
Verbal noun (or " participles " ) can one attributive, complement or be used ( with certain restrictions ) of a main clause as a predicate. They may be declined as adjectives and replace negated sets usually the finite verbs. Undisputed verbal noun in the modern language - х ( attributive fairly neutral, finit always together with particles and with Futurbedeutung ), сан4 ( past or perfective ), - даг (mainly for repeated actions ), аа ( for ongoing acts of a handful of verb stems, otherwise only negated with the meaning "not yet" or with some modal particles ) and маар4 ( expresses desire; attributive partially abstract: сонсмоор дүү 1 a song that I want to listen 2 a song worth listening to ).

More details in the article Mongolian languages.

Syntax

The syntax of the Mongolian distinguished by the fact that it is mostly head- final, the basic word order in a sentence is therefore SOV, in noun phrases, the noun is always at the end, and there are postpositions used.

The word order of sentences is SOV. Although the order of the parts of a sentence before the verb can vary, but the verb is almost always at the end of the sentence, and subordinate clauses must always be placed before it. Question and modal particles are, however, behind the verb
In noun phrases, the noun is more likely to end. Adjectives, genitive attributes, numerals and demonstratives in front of it, job titles, etc. and collective numerals behind it. Туяа Oюун хоёр TO two ' Tujaa and Ojuun ', манай ухаантай Туяа дархан our wise T. Schmied ' blacksmith Tujaa our wise ', ном хоёр two book ' two books '.

Forms of writing

The first book of the Middle Mongolian is the vertical Uighur script, which was acquired at the end of the 12th century and adapted to the Mongolian. The oldest surviving witness of scripture in the form of a stone inscription dates from this period. The then most important literary work, the Secret History of the Mongols is, indeed survives only in Chinese transcription, but can still draw conclusions on the peculiarities of the Central Mongolian language used at that time. The classic form of this traditional Mongolian script was fixed in the 17th century. It is still used today in Inner Mongolia.

The official script of the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China was the Tibetan Phags -pa script (1269-1368), but also the Chinese script was used intensively for Mongolian texts. From the 13th to the 15th century, there are Mongolian texts in Arabic script. Over time, several other writing systems have been proposed, such as that developed by Dsanabadsar Sojombo font.

In 1930 the introduction of the Latin alphabet was adopted in the People's Republic of Mongolia, however, was only short in application. According to the official reintroduction of the Latin alphabet in 1941 is just one month later Soviet pressure the Russian Cyrillic alphabet with the additional letter for / o / and / u / used, while in Kalmykia and Buryat Cyrillic ( with changes ) since 4 years was in use. Since 1984, the classic font is again taught in high schools in Mongolia. It is often used for signboards, logos and similar decorative purposes, for everything else remains the Cyrillic alphabet.

In Inner Mongolia, the traditional font remained unchallenged until the government of the Autonomous Region of the mid-50s proposed a Cyrillic script. From 1957, the general trend in China, however, was to write minority languages in Latin script and the introduction of Cyrillic was shelved. After the break between China and the Soviet Union, the introduction of the Cyrillic alphabet is no longer up for grabs and also the plans for a Latin script was not followed up, so that uses the traditional Mongolian script in Inner Mongolia today.

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