Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov
- Soyuz T -3 ( 1980)
Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov (Russian Олег Григорьевич Макаров, scientific transliteration Oleg Makarov Grigor'evič; born January 6, 1933 Udomlya, Soviet Union, † 28 May 2003 in Moscow, Russia) was a Soviet engineer and cosmonaut. He survived the first crash of a manned rocket launches.
Spaceman activity
OKB -1
After Oleg Makarov his studies in engineering at the "Moscow State Technical NE Bauman University " 1957 graduated, he went as a design engineer at the experimental design bureau OKB- 1 were in the satellite and space ships designed and built under the direction of Sergei Korolev. Makarov was there involved in the development of the Vostok spacecraft.
Voskhod
For the flight of Voskhod 1 for the first time should not only pilots come as a cosmonaut for use, but also scientists and engineers. Makarov was one of the six engineers from the OKB -1, which were shortlisted, but eventually the spacecraft went to Konstantin Feoktistow.
Early Soyuz flights
Korolev's successor, Vasily Mishin sat through that its engineers should be trained to full-fledged cosmonaut. Makarov was doing to the first selection group of the Central Construction Office for experimental engineering, such as the OKB -1 was now called. The selection was made on 23 May 1966 and in the summer of 1966 Makarov as a flight engineer for one of the first manned flights of the new Soyuz spacecraft was in the conversation, he also was in December 1966 as a Flight Engineer for a manned lunar orbit as part of the Soviet manned lunar program trained. At times, he forms a team together with Alexei Leonov, at times, with Pavel Popovich. After the American landing on the moon with Apollo 11, the Soviet moon program was canceled, then focused on space stations in low Earth orbit.
Contact
In June 1971 Makarov was nominated along with Vasily Lazarev for a Sojusflug, which should couple in orbit with another Sojusraumschiff to test the rendezvous and docking system contact. The flight was supposed to take place in early 1972, but was suspended after the disaster of Soyuz 11.
Salyut 2
Makarov was then trained for a long-duration mission aboard a space station. He was assigned as backup crew for Soyuz 12, and Soyuz 13 as a team for which they should both work 2 on board the space station Salyut, but exploded when starting on 29 July 1972.
Also for the next space station Makarov was provided, but even these start on May 11, 1973 failed, and the space station crashed after a few days. She received the designation Kosmos 557
Soyuz 12
Finally Makarov and his commander Lazarev were allocated a Soyuz solo flight in which no space station should be approached. Makarov and Lazarev started with Soyuz 12 on 27 September 1973, landed two days later. In addition to reviewing the spaceship made spectroscopic studies of the earth.
Salyut 4
Then trained Makarov along with Lazarev for a stay aboard the space station Salyut 4, which had been launched on 26 December 1974. Again, the two reserve team were for the first stay with Soyuz 17 and the main team for the second stay with Soyuz 18
The launch of Makarov and Lazarev took place on 5 April 1975. During the ignition of the third stage of the Soyuz rocket at about 192 km altitude, however, the second stage had not yet been resolved, so that the rocket deviated from the course. The launch was aborted and the return capsule landed in the Altai, where Makarov and Lazarev had to endure over 20 g. As the flight was canceled, he did not get the official number Soyuz 18, but is usually referred to with Soyuz Soyuz 18-1 or 18 -A
Salyut 6
The next opportunity for a space flight was found for Makarov at the station Salyut 6, which was launched on 29 September 1977. He was intended for the replacement flight engineer of Soyuz 26, the first visit of a space station crew.
The plan was to provide the first major team with a new spacecraft, and whose present to take back to Earth so that flights were possible, which lasted longer than the space ships could remain in space.
The crew of Soyuz 25, Vladimir Kovalyonok and Valeri Rjumin, however, failed to couple to Salyut 6 and had on 11 October 1977 return to the earth, so that the planned replacement flight was also canceled.
Thus launched Soyuz 26, Georgi Mikhailovich Grechko and Yuri Romanenko, the first long-duration crew of Salyut should be 6 now.
Makarov increased the planned replacement flight from the backup crew for the home team and initiated together with Vladimir Dzhanibekov on January 10, 1978 in the Soyuz 27 Together with Salyut 6 and Soyuz 26, they formed the first object, which consisted of three separately launched spacecraft. Makarov and Dzhanibekov remained five days aboard the station and then returned with Soyuz 26. This was the first time that a team had exchanged a spaceship in space.
Soyuz T
Then Makarov was trained as a flight engineer of the new spaceship Soyuz T. Makarov was part of the backup crew of Soyuz T-2, the first manned flight of this series, which took place in June 1980.
Along with Commander Leonid Kizim and research cosmonaut Gennady Makarov Strekalow launched on 27 November 1980 Soyuz T- third It was the first Sojusflug with three cosmonauts since Soyuz 11 in 1971. Since Soyuz 12, then also with Makarov on board, had been manned Soyuz spacecraft with two cosmonauts.
The crew docked at the station Salyut 6, which was at that time without long-term occupation, and worked there for eleven days.
This was Makarov's first flight, which returned with no cancellations in advance.
After the aerospace career
Makarov studied again in the meantime engineering at the "Moscow State Technical NE Bauman University, "which he left in 1980 with the degree of candidate of technical sciences. After he retired from the cosmonaut corps on 4 April 1986, Makarov was appointed Deputy Head of the complex 19 of the NPO Energia. 2000 he was in a leading position of the complex 31 with the same company. There he was involved in the development of the Me and involved in the Buran program. Oleg Makarov died on 28 May 2003 in Moscow to a heart attack.
Makarov was married and had two children.
Awards
Oleg Makarov was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union and four times with the Order of Lenin.