Open Access
As Open Access (English for open access ), free access to scientific literature and other materials will be referred to the Internet. A scientific document under Open Access conditions to publish, gives everyone permission to read this document, download, store, print it to link to, and thus be free of charge to use. In addition, the users further rights may be granted, which may allow the free subsequent or further use, reproduction, distribution or alteration of documents about free licenses.
Under the pressure of rising prices of scientific publications in the same stagnant or shrinking budgets in the libraries during the serials crisis formed since the beginning of the 1990s an international Open Access movement. The central demand of this movement is that scientific publications should be again set as results of research funded by the public, this public free of charge. The recent publication structures represent a privatization of the operations financed by the general public knowledge dar. through open access is to be prevented, that this knowledge must be funded again by the general public bought back by the publishers who have received through the publication rights of use. The Open Access movement also aims to reduce the digital divide. Among other scientists come to so low budget to scientific results and can participate in the discourse.
- 3.1 publication fees
- 3.2 Institutional Membership
- 3.3 Hybrid financing models
- 3.4 Other financing models
- 6.1 Forced publication in OA journals
- 6.2 Conflicts of interest in assessment standards
- 9.1 German Speaking
- 9.2 English spoken
Only with the development of the internet, the electronic publishing and so quick and easy distribution of documents, the question of free access was up to date on scientific information. Previously, the conditions and the feasibility of the technical conditions were limited. In the 1990s, under the concept of electronic publishing ( online publishing ) published the first German-language guide for Internet publishing for scientists, which, inter alia, the different services - e - mail, news, Usenet - described. Many trade publishers went from mid-1990 through to make their magazines in parallel or only available electronically. Students and researchers can read this article on since the library or institution computer and print it if their institutions to pay the license fees for these magazines.
The Open Access movement has its antecedents in the preprint servers and dissertation of 1990. It is because scientists do not publish in the vast majority of cases of commercial interests but that publishing this includes as documentation and communication to their research and teaching activities.
Another starting point for the demand for new publication structures was also the serials crisis. This term is referred to a development, especially in the STM sector (Science, Technology, Medicine ) took place. The proportion of the readers of the available literature was getting smaller, with increasing volume of publications. As a result, the journal crisis publishers such as BMC (1999) and PLoS ( early 2001 ) were founded.
Founded in 2001, initiated by, organized by the Open Society Institute conference in Budapest in November 2001, a number of prominent scientists, among them Michael iron ( Public Library of Science) and Rick Johnson ( Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition, SPARC), the Budapest Open Access Initiative ( Boai ) and adopted on 14 February 2002 a declaration in which it states, inter alia: " open to the public on the Internet should be all those literature, the scientists without expecting to be paid for this post. " This conference and the resulting Boai it is regarded as a starting point of the Open Access movement, because for the first time the various persons and existing initiatives were merged. However, the appeal relates only to ensure the free access to journal articles, for which the authors have received no pay, who have previously undergone a peer review process and should then be placed in parallel on the net for free.
On 11 April 2003, in Bethesda, Maryland advise on ways of improving the involvement of stakeholders in the publication process and in June to the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing published.
The Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in October 2003 is a declaration that picks up the contents of the Budapest Declaration and the Bethesda Declaration and the goals of the Open Access movement expanded defined. Of all the major German research institutions, the Declaration was signed, such as the German Research Foundation ( DFG), the German Rectors' Conference, the Max Planck Society, the Fraunhofer Society, the Berlin- Brandenburg Academy of Sciences ( BBAW), the German initiative for Network information (DINI ) and the Ministry of Science and research of North Rhine - Westphalia, which was founded with DiPP own initiative. In addition, international organizations have signed such as the Open Source Initiative ( OSI), SPARC or European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN. The Berlin Declaration goes beyond the requirements of the Declaration of Boai out clearly. It is regarded as the completion of the stated objectives of the movement and as a starting point in technical and organizational terms. Since the Berlin Conference, there are at yearly intervals follow-up conferences.
Open Access strategies
The two most important publication of Open Access paths are also known as "Golden " and " Green Way". They are sometimes regarded as competitive, but mostly complementary models: the primary publication and the parallel publication. These two strategies have been designed at the Budapest Conference 2002. The terms " Golden " and " Green Lane " go back to the cognitive scientist Stevan Harnad.
Golden Route
When the " Golden Path ", the primary publication of the scientific text is referred to in an open-access medium that follows the terms of the Open Access. This is mainly to open- access journals that use as conventional magazines a peer- review process. In the Directory of Open Access Journals, a directory for Open Access journals, 9,804 magazines (as of: January 5, 2014) are listed, of which about 57.5 % at the item level searchable ( 5,636 periodicals with a total of 1573847 articles). Estimates (based on Ulrich's Periodicals Directory) indicate that there are a total of about 28,000 active scholarly journals that use a peer -review process (August 2012), thus would be about 35 % of all peer-reviewed journals " Open Access". The publication of monographs in an open- access publisher is assigned to the "Golden Path". The in the " Association of University Publishers" organized publishers have mostly an open -access orientation. Parallel to the electronic publication of books can be a publication in printed form. These printed versions are then usually chargeable. With the OAPEN library is available for the first time provides a library of peer-reviewed open-access monographs. The focus is currently on publications in the humanities, social sciences and social sciences.
Green Lane
The " Green Trail " is the parallel publishing or self-archiving, which can be done on private homepages, university departments or document servers. The authors save a copy of their article or their monograph, which they have submitted to the publisher, publicly available at any of those infrastructure elements. The non- standardized self-archiving is increasingly supplemented and superseded by a filing on institutional repositories. In these, published on the green way documents, it often for preprints or mail prints. Only postprints a peer review has taken place. Also, primary data can be made available through the Green Trail to the public. When archiving documents on document servers, two different forms are distinguished, depending on the type of repository is. Institutional repositories are operated by an institution (eg a university ) and are usually interdisciplinary, while disciplinary repositories cover specific applications, but are across institutions. A well-known example of a disciplinary repository and one of the oldest is the arXiv.
The SHERPA / RoMEO list, which is published by the SHERPA organization, lists publishers according to their guidelines regarding copyrights and parallel publication, and divided into four different categories, depending on whether the self- archiving of preprints and post-prints, only preprints, only is not allowed postprints or.
The Open Archives Initiative ( OAI) registered the operators of these repositories and developed a protocol for metadata, OAI -PMH, has found widespread use. Various services use this protocol to Metadatenharvesting, such as the search engine OAIster at the University of Michigan, Scirus from Elsevier and Google Scholar.
Gray way
According to some experts, there is a third, "gray " way. This term is controversial. The "gray path " describes the publication of gray literature, ie such publications that are not available through the book trade. These include the scientific field Abstract collections, papers and diploma theses, dissertations, conference reports and similar documents. A peer review usually does not take place in these documents.
Hybrid Publishing
As a hybrid publishing a publication variant is referred to in the open access version provided in addition to online is also a paid print version is published. This model is mainly used for monographs for use. The freely accessible online version discoverability by search engines and thus the visibility is increased. Publishers hope to gain more sales of the print version. The hybrid publishing is thus both Open Access Strategy and Open Access "business model".
Open Access for primary data
Scientific primary data can be integrated by the technical development in unexpected dimension and quality in the scholarly communication process. The Berlin Declaration and the free access to data is included. Data are partly present as independent collections, and partly indirectly, such as through links in publications demonstrated.
Open Access Books
An expansion experienced by the Open Access concept that initially was mainly related to articles in journals, through the publication of monographs under Open Access conditions. For example, plans funded by the European Union project OAPEN that emerged from the collaboration of several university presses, provide free access to books from the humanities and social science disciplines. This is to prevent that the sciences in which the communication occurs mainly through monographs and less over Essays, a structural disadvantage compared to sciences develop in which have already found a higher spread the open-access strategies.
Digitised
Many publishers are trying to expand the business through the digitization of their older collections. Some do this in cooperation with the libraries, for example, in how DigiZeitschriften projects. Some large publishers have their stocks scanned in-house, although it prior to the adoption of the second basket according to German copyright law had no rights to do so.
Open Access for Cultural
Business models
Even in the digital publishing documents incur costs, even if they are not as high as in printed works. In the traditional publishing industry scientific publication of the scientific publishers are defined as actionable market goods, while in open access, scientists, research sponsors, institutions and libraries partially take the place of publishers and thus alter the production chain of the publishing market. For the financing of Open Access publications there are different models that are already well established in part.
Publication charges
A large number of open- access journals require the authors publication fees, which are usually based on the cost of litigation, which the publisher per online publication average result. They are also called Article Processing Charge ( APC) and the business model as an author - pays model (English author pays model) respectively. In a study of Kaufmann- Wills Group, found that this funding model is the Open Access journals below 50 %, which is below the value for conventional journals. Between the individual disciplines, there are large differences: in such sciences, in which a publication fee, and is often raised in the form of a print grant, even in conventional journals ( for example, in the life sciences ), the proportion is higher in humanities journals is rare. Some journals adopt the authors, the fees, if they belong to financially disadvantaged institutions.
Several funding agencies encourage or require their researchers to Open Access Publishing and used partially or completely the publication fees so that the budgets of the working groups and institutions are not or less heavily loaded.
Institutional Membership
In the membership model pay research institutions and their libraries as members an annual fee to allow the scientists belonging to the publication of their research findings in an Open Access journal free of charge or at a discount. A well-known example of this membership model is the British publisher BioMed Central. The demarcation between a subscription and an institutional membership is not always sharp. A subscription of journals published by Oxford University Press ( OUP ), for example, include a discount on the publication fees of Open Access Journals OUP.
Hybrid financing models
In hybrid funding models both Open Access article as well as restricted access items within a magazine are published. The publisher maintains the original Subskriptionsmodellen, offers the authors but to additionally to have a fee to unlock the article as open access. Numbers, the authors do not accept the extra charges, the item is delivered only against payment. For the libraries, this hybrid model initially means no financial relief. The scientific publishing house Springer led in July 2004 as one of the first publishers, the hybrid model under the name Open a choice. For the release of Open Access 3000 U.S. dollars are required for each publication. Several other publishers followed this advance and charge fees between 1000 and 5000 U.S. dollars (as of September 2008).
Other financing models
In the " Community -fee model," the published example of a professional society article about the membership fees to be financed. Other publishers use institutional infrastructure of libraries and universities and be cross-financed by them. The sale of print products can contribute to the financing of the online publication.
Logos
A unified logo of the Open Access movement does not yet exist. In the Open Access Day on 14 February 2008, the draft of the Public Library of Science has been taken, the Berlin Conference of the Max Planck Society also uses a key - symbolism. Many universities and libraries in Germany, the logo of the information platform is used open-access.net.
Implementation
Open Access is " (yet), far from being everyday scientific publishing: it is predominantly specialized discourses in some particularly dedicated disciplines and around ( science ) political declarations of intent (such as the Berlin Declaration), which anchored in practice only must be so scientific knowledge may in fact be the common property, as it is financed. "
One of the barriers to online publishing with open access is the academic reward system. Another problem is that, for example, online-only magazines are in traditional databases has rarely opened and indexed. And for the libraries, the question of the acquisition and storage of data.
There are large differences between the disciplines. The free online publishing is, with the exception of some institutions and online journals in the field of educational research not self-evident. In scientific and technical disciplines, however, especially in computer science and physics, the free and free web publishing has been a far more important, if not decisive role.
Criticism
Publication compulsion in OA journals
Some scientists and authors of scientific papers seen in the increasing subsidization of free publications by Philanthropist and organizations an undue constraint on this type of publication. According to the critics, the author is so limited that it can not freely decide on which way they want to publish the results of his scientific work. A similar view also represent the authors and signatories of the so-called Heidelberg Appeal, the " far-reaching intervention in the press and publication " seen in the open support of the Alliance of Scientific Organizations for open access or Uwe Jochum, the sums in the scientific journal research that what " began as an attempt to find a way out of the serials crisis " under the table " for a project the total transformation of science become " is at the end of an all-digital research infrastructure should stand. The allegations are rejected by the sides together in the Alliance scientific organizations.
Conflicts of interest in assessment standards
In April 2009, a group of scientists in The Open Chemical Physics Journal published results which indicate that the evidence of nano- thermite, an experimental explosives, whether in unreacted and reacted state succeeded in samples of the dust of the World Trade Center. The article was published in an Open Access Journal of Bentham Science Publishing Group. According to the authors, a peer -review process has taken place, that is, at the relevant journal by Publisher information standard. The article, which takes a great deal of attention among devotees of the conspiracy because he is considered the first evidence of a controlled demolition was, however, strongly criticized the content. Two editors of the journal resigned because of the affair, including due to massive dissatisfaction with the handling of publication and peer review by the publisher.
Three months later had to withdraw another editor in chief of Open Access Journals of the publisher. The magazine had offered to publish a joke article after allegedly completion of peer review, upon the payment of $ 800 to cover costs. The incident sparked a debate about the assessment standards of open-access journals that publish scientific contributions to a cash payment.