Phonetics

The word comes from the Greek word phonetics φωνητικός ( phōnētikós ) " for tones, speaking belonging ", a derivative of the word φωνή ( Phone) " voice, sound, sound, sound ".

Phonetics, as part of the phonology, examines the factors and components of linguistic sounds. She is an independent interdisciplinary field between linguistics, biology, acoustics, neuroscience and medicine. The scope of phonetics is the spoken language in all its realizations.

The (functional) phonetics examined as well as the phonology of spoken language, but under a different aspect. In phonology it comes to " the functions of sound units within a language system " and in the phonetics " to the physical characteristics of oral statements ," generally recognized by scientific methods. "The goal of phonetics is to explore the possibilities and limits of human speech production and perception. "

Working areas of Phonetics

One can distinguish two directions of phonetics:

General phonetics

General phonetics deals with signal generation, transmission and reception in the context of language.

Sub-areas:

  • Articulatory Phonetics: physiological aspects (structure and function of the vocal tract ), production of language ( sound systems of various languages)
  • Acoustic Phonetics: physical structure of the speech sound as a carrier of sounds and language code
  • Perceptual phonetics and auditory phonetics: auditory perception of a sound event in the listener and its processing in the brain; Subdiscipline of phonetics, the relationship between the continuous speech signal and the discrete - produces human categorization - different depending on the linguistic system.

Applied phonetics

Sub-areas:

  • Normative phonetics: Rules of the phonetic system of a language as a mandatory standard ( orthoepy )
  • Comparative phonetics: diachronic ( historical = history of phonetics ) and synchronic ( = contrastive comparison of two phonological systems of two languages)
  • Descriptive phonetics: Frequency of phonetic elements and their combinations peculiarity of the voice signals of a specific code, phonetic and phonological statistics
  • Forensic phonetics: speaker recognition, that is, use of phonetic knowledge to the study of speaker- typical voice and speech characteristics of a perpetrator in the field of criminology and Forensic Science, Writing vote comparative court cases, represented in Germany at 5 locations (1 BKA: Hessen, 4 LKÄ: Berlin, Bavaria, Brandenburg, North Rhine -Westphalia)
  • Instrumental or experimental phonetics: signal and symbol phonetics ( representation of sounds in all languages ​​by the International Phonetic Alphabet, abbreviated as " IPA " )
  • Ears Phonetics: theoretical phonetics, which uses the capabilities of the human hearing
  • Pathophonetik: pathological deviations in terms of linguistically impaired language ( language, speech, voice, swallowing, breathing and hearing disorders )
  • Phonological Phonetics: function, behavior, organization and structure of phonetic units of language, such as investigation of intonation ( intonation different types), the accentuation or emphasis ( individual syllables are differentially emphasized within a set or accented )
  • Psychological Phonetics: processing of speech sound, speech planning process and the speech self-perception
  • Communicative Phonetics: research field of conscious design and control of the acoustic image ( partially prosody ) for the para verbal information transfer
  • Neurological phonetics: Fashion, how nervous systems (central nervous system and peripheral nervous system ) control the speech process
  • Pädaophonetik: Acquisition of speech and individual volume development
  • Suprasegmental phonetics ( prosody ): Description of individual sounds and their use in the syllable or the word. Thus included in the sound structure of syllables to their subject matter and the so-called phonotactic rules (rules for the compatibility of the sounds in a language )

With the sounds as part of a linguistic system also deals phonology ( phonemics ). For the differences between phonetics and phonology see the term phonology.

Other areas and sub-areas

Besides the basics ( nature and applications, Anatomical Basic concepts, phonetic technology, research methods and equipment, structure and origin of language, language models, history of speech synthesis, institutions and sites, history of phonetics ( 5 time phases: Origins, Emergence, decay, rise and rise ) ) are important in phonetics following areas and their sub-areas:

Respiration

  • Functions of the respiratory system
  • Respiratory system
  • Muscles of respiration
  • Breathing process
  • Breathing types
  • Breathing shapes and lung volumes

Phonation

  • Functions and anatomy of the larynx
  • Phonationsvorgang
  • Phonation theories

Articulation

  • Cavities in the vocal tract ( vocal tract )
  • Articulatory organs
  • Vowel articulation
  • Consonant articulation
  • According to Scripture
  • Distinctive features
  • Prosody
  • Coarticulation

Acoustics

  • Acoustic basic concepts
  • Waveforms
  • Acoustics of vowels
  • Acoustics of consonants
  • Speech sound analysis

Perception

  • Anatomy of the ear
  • Hearing process
  • Functions of the ear

Neurology (brain and nervous system)

  • Anatomy of the brain
  • Language-related processes
  • Bug
  • Nervous systems

Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Clinical / Patholinguistics

  • First Language Acquisition
  • Speech disorder
  • Speech disorder
  • Voice disorder
  • Dysphagia
  • Respiratory disorders
  • Hearing impairment
Labial consonant Dental consonant Alveolar consonant Palatal consonant Velar consonant Uvular consonant Pharyngeal consonant Glottal consonant Radical consonant Dorsal consonant Laminal consonant Derivation (linguistics) Prosody (linguistics) Clinical linguistics Chroneme Phonetic transcription#Types of notational systems Motor theory of speech perception
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