Rhamnaceae

Colletia spinosissima

The buckthorn family ( Rhamnaceae ) form a family of plants in the order of the rose -like ( Rosales ). The approximately 52 genera with about 925-1000 species are found worldwide, especially in the subtropics to tropics.

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description and ecology

Vegetative characteristics

They are mostly evergreen or deciduous woody plants: self- erect shrubs or trees, but also some lianas; rarely there are perennial herbaceous plants ( Crumenaria ). They often have thorns. The roots sometimes form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing Frankia the.

The usually alternate and spirally or rarely opposite, distributed to the stem axis or standing together on short shoots, arranged leaves usually have petioles. The simple leaf blades are entire or toothed. The stomata are usually anomocytisch or rare paracytisch. The leaves can be converted into thorns (such as spina- christi and Paliurus Colletia paradoxa ). If stipules are present, they may well trained, be reduced to scales or converted into thorns.

Generative features

The flowers can be used individually to several standing in the leaf axils or in differently constructed inflorescences.

The radial symmetry flowers are usually quite small and are usually fünfzählig, rarely cruciform; they can be bisexual or rarely unisexual. The flower cup ( hypanthium ) is under the ovary, surrounding him or is partially fused with him. The ovary five (rarely four ), usually nailed sepals (sometimes Roehrig ) overgrown. The five (rarely four) petals are free and may be white, yellowish, greenish, pink or blue. It's just a circle with the same number of fertile stamens as petals present; the stamens are opposite the petals, so missing the outer stamen circle. The stamens are thin. The pollen grains usually have three apertures and are usually colporat. It is very typical for the family of nectar -forming, thin to fleshy, smooth or lobulated discus, which is located between the punch and stamens; but it may also be absent. Usually two or three (rarely five) carpels are rarely, usually two to vierkammerigen ovary grow into a top - up from constant. The ovary chamber rarely two anatrope ovules are usually one available. The style ends in a simple or equal to many scars as carpels. Pollination is by insects ( entomophily ).

Are formed capsule fruits, berries, stone fruits, nut winged fruits or carpels which decompose in dry part fruit. The seed dispersal depending on the nature of the wind ( then the seeds are winged ), by mammals or birds. Well-trained embryo is straight.

Ingredients

At flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin are present.

Systematics and distribution

The Rhamnaceae family was set up in 1789 under the name " Rhamni " by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum, pp. 376-377. Synonyms for Rhamnaceae Juss. are Frangulaceae DC., Phylicaceae J.Agardh, Ziziphaceae Adans. ex Post & Kuntze, Cryptandraceae Barkley.

The buckthorn plants are distributed worldwide and are found in a variety of habitats. However, distribution area are tropical and subtropical regions, mainly forests.

The Rhamnaceae family contains 925-1000 species in 52 genera, which are made in eleven tribes, seven genera incertae sedis are considered, their exact systematic position in the family is unclear. Some species are considered to be in need of revision, as the tribe Pomaderreae. The closest relatives of the Rhamnaceae family are Barbeya oleoides ( = Barbeyaceae ) and the Dirachma ( = Dirachmaceae ).

The eleven tribes with their genera are:

• Tribus Ampelozizipheae: it contains only a monotypic genus: Ampelozizyphus Ducke: it contains only one type: Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke: It is native to the Brazilian Amazon.

• Tribus Bathiorhamneae: it contains only one genus: Bathiorhamnus Capuron: The approximately seven species are found only in Madagascar.

• Tribus Colletieae: it contains about six genera: Adolphia Meisn. The one or two species occur in California, Texas and Mexico.
• Colletia Comm. ex Juss. contains at least five species.
• Discaria Hook:. It has a disjoint area. Of the eight species, two are found in Australia, the other in South America and New Zealand.
• Kentrothamnus Suess. & Overkott: it contains only one type: Kentrothamnus weddellianus ( Miers ) MCJohnst. It occurs in Bolivia.

• Trevoa quinquenervia Gillies & Hook. It occurs only in central Chile.

• Tribus Doerpfeldieae: Doerpfeldia Urb. Contains only one type: Doerpfeldia cubensis ( Britton ) Urb. Thrives on the coast or near the coast in evergreen dry forests in eastern and southern central Cuba. It is in the red list of endangered species by the IUCN in 1998 as ended by degradation of habitats "endangered " = " high risk " rating.

• Tribus Gouanieae: it contains about six genera: Alvimiantha Grey -Wilson: It contains only one type: Alvimiantha tricamerata Grey -Wilson: It occurs in Brazil.

• Johnstonalia axilliflora ( MCJohnst. ) Tortosa: It occurs in Peru.

• Reissekia Smilacina ( Sm ) Steud. It occurs in Brazil.

• Tribus Maesopsideae: it contains only a monotypic genus: Maesopsis Engl: it contains only one type: Maesopsis eminii Engl: It is widespread in tropical Africa.

• Tribus Paliurieae: It contains three genera with about 100 species: Hovenia Thunb. , The only three species occur ( three species), Korea and Japan in India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, China.
• Paliurus Mill: Of the five species one in the Mediterranean and the other in eastern Asia occur.
• Ziziphus Mill: It spreads in pantropical; which about 100 species are mainly found in the Neotropics and Southeast Asia.

• Tribus Phyliceae: Nesiota Hook. f: it contains only one type: St. Helena Olive tree (. Nesiota elliptica ( Roxb. ) Hook f ): This species is endemic to the island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic; it is considered to be extinct since 2003.

• Noltea africana (L.) Endl. , You naturally occurs only in South Africa's Eastern Cape and is a neophyte in Australia.

• Trichocephalus stipularis Brongn. It is widespread in southern Africa.

• Tribus Pomaderreae: The approximately six genera are mainly in Australia and about nine species in New Zealand before: Blackallia CAGardner: it contains only one type: Blackallia nudiflora ( F.Muell. ) Rye & Kellermann: It occurs in Australia.

• Siegfriedia darwinioides CAGardner: It occurs in Western Australia.

• Tribus Rhamneae: It contains about twelve genera: Auerodendron Urb. The approximately seven species occur in the Greater Antilles.
• Berchemia Neck. ex DC. The approximately 32 species occur mainly in temperate and tropical regions of eastern Asia to Southeast Asia. In China, there are 19 species, twelve of them only there.
• Berchemiella Nakai: Of the only three species are only two in China and one in Japan before.
• Condalia Cav. The approximately 20 species thrive in arid regions of the New World.
• Karwinskia Zucc. The approximately 15 species are widely distributed in the Neotropics.
• Krugiodendron Urb. Contains only one type: Krugiodendron ferreum ( Vahl ) Urb. It occurs to West Indies.

• Tribus Ventilagineae: Smythea Seem. ex A. Gray: The up to seven species coming from South-East Asia to Polynesia.
• . Ventilago Gaertn: the 36 to 40 paläotropischen species are mainly in India, and spread from Southeast Asia to the Pacific Islands; a species occurs in Africa and Madagascar, and three species from Australia.

• Genera incertae sedis: Alphitonia Reissek ex Endl. , The 15 to 20 species occur in Southeast Asia, Malaysia's, Australia ( six species), New Caledonia and western Pacific islands.
• Coffers flowers ( Ceanothus L. ): The 50 to 60 species are distributed in North and Central America.
• Colubrina Rich. ex Brongn. , the 23 to 31 species occur in the tropics almost worldwide.
• Emmenosperma F.Muell. The five species occur in Australia (two species), New Zealand, New Caledonia and the Fiji Islands.
• Lasiodiscus Hook. f: You probably contains only one type: Lasiodiscus fasciculiflorus Engl: It occurs in tropical Africa.

• Schistocarpaea johnsonii F.Muell. It occurs in Australia.

Paleobotany

From the Upper Cretaceous exists a leaf imprint, its attribution to the buckthorn plants, however, is not entirely clear, has also been described as buckthorn plant a flower from the mid-Cretaceous (Nebraska ). Secured fossil evidence, however, can be found in the Tertiary period, leaves in the Eocene ( Berhamniphyllum ) and the earliest pollen from the Oligocene.

Use

Some species such as buckthorn and alder buckthorn are used for the production of medicines. Laxatives ( cascara sagrada ) is obtained from bark, leaves and fruits of Rhamnus cathartica particularly, Rhamnus buckthorn Rhamnus and purshiana. Ziziphus species such as Ziziphus mauritiana and the Chinese jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba ), in turn, are grown for their edible fruits. From Hovenia dulcis the Blütenstandsschäfte be eaten.

The dried berries of buckthorn species have been used under the name of bulk yellow for dyeing and as a color varnish. The wood of Alphitonia, Colubrina, Hovenia and Ziziphus species is used in many ways.

Some Hovenia, Paliurus, and Rhamnus species are used as ornamental plants.

Swell

• The Rhamnaceae in APWebsite family. (Sections systematics and description)
• The Rhamnaceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz family. ( Description section )
• Yilin Chen & Carsten ski Rarend: Rhamnaceae, pp. 115 - text the same online as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 12 - Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007. ISBN 978-1-930723-64-1 (Sections Description, distribution and use )
• John O. Sawyer, Jr.: The Rhamnaceae family in Jepson eFlora, 2012 (sections systematics and description).
• GJ Harden: Rhamnaceae in the New South Wales Flora Online. (Sections systematics and description)
• Leslie Watson, 2008: Data Sheet in the Western Australian flora and species list. (Sections systematics and description)