Rioplatense Spanish

The Río de la Plata Spanish (Spanish: español rioplatense = the Spanish of the silver river ) is generally regarded as a synonym for a variation of the Spanish language in Argentina and Uruguay. The central distribution area stretches along the Río de la Plata, which both the language and the region its name. The heart represents Buenos Aires dar. with more than 11.5 million speakers

Striking for the Río de la Plata Spanish are relatively pronounced social markers to standard Castilian Spanish and other Spanish versions. The influence of language on the Argentine culture and society takes place mainly through audio-visual media that reach geographically distant regions and also the Río de la Plata Spanish to the standard language of Argentina ( and Uruguay ) are allowed. However, reduced the influence and use of the variant, the closer you get to the border regions of the two countries and other linguistic influences of the surrounding nations - Chile, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay - have a greater impact on language development in these areas had than that of the Río de la Plata Spanish ( → Quechua, Guarani, Portuguese Language ). A distinction, however, here is the lunfardo and cocoliche which developed as contact varieties around the year 1900 in the city of Buenos Aires. Like the Río de la Plata Spanish is could these varieties depends on a strong European, specifically Italian immigration wave between 1870-1930, constitute.

• 2.1 Voseo
• 2.2 Loísmo
• 2.3 Queísmo
• 2.4 Pretérito perfecto compuesto / pretérito perfecto simple

• 4.1 Geographical Distribution 4.1.1 Argentina
• 4.1.2 Uruguay

• 4.2.1 cocoliche
• 4.2.2 Lunfardo

• 5.1 Historical influences on linguistic zoning
• 5.2 European influences
• 5.3 Indigenous influences 5.3.1 Guaraní
• 5.3.2 Quechua

Phonology and phonetics

Yeismo / Žeísmo / seismo

The yeismo, so the lifting of the phonological opposition / ʎ / and / j / in favor of the fricative realization of / j /, formed the basis for a more specialized form of debate in the Rio de la Plata area: the Žeísmo. Here, the articulation of the palatal [j ] shifted to prepalatal range [ ʒ ] forward. This change is referred to as articulatory rehilamiento and consists in an additional vibration or intensification frikativer consonants. From voiced an unvoiced variant [ ʃ ] has improved again - the seismo. This is now widely used in Argentina and has prestigious image.

Example: Yo como pollo en la calle

High Linguistically [ jo ' komo ' poʎo en la ' kaʎe ]

Yeismo version [ jo ' komo ' pojo en la ' quay ]

Žeísmo version [ ʒo ' komo ' poʒo en la ' kaʒe ]

Seismo - version [ ʃo ' komo ' poʃo en la ' kaʃe ]

Seseo / Ceceo

Under Seseo refers to the resolution of opposition / s / and / θ / in favor of / s /. Thus, no distinction is made in the debate between the alveolar and interdental voiceless fricative and instead all realized in [s ]. This sometimes different words are pronounced the same, but this hardly affects the communication: coser = cocer, casar = cazar. Also the Ceceo is common in the Greater Buenos Aires and Santa Fe. Here the articulation of [s ] and [ θ ] does not fall within [s ], but in [ θ ]. Similar to the German Lispellaut.

Other features

• Elision or aspiration of / s / in word-final

The final [s ] can be aspirated regional or fail completely. The elision of the / s / at the end of a word in the colloquial language is particularly typical of Italian immigrants.

• Loss of final / r /

Especially in northeast Argentina can turn the / r / at the end of a word ( in the formation of infinitives, for example).

• The / n / at the end of a word is alveolar

• The realization of / r /, / r /

In different types of expression and partly under reduction of voicing is located in the north of Argentina is a tendency to assibilation of / r /, the alveolar sibilants Vibrant is the ( carro [' kaʒo ] ).

Morphology

Voseo

The Voseo is certainly one of the most distinguishing features of the Rio de la Plata Spanish and appears in both pronominal and verbal forms. A distinction, therefore, it is a pronominal - verbal, a purely pronominal and a purely verbal voseo. Argentina does not form a uniform linguistic landscape as far as the use of " tú " and " vos " and the following verbal forms. Because even though often the " tú " was preferred taught in schools and is the Voseo in Argentina is widespread in all regions, social classes and speech situations. In some parts of Uruguay, however, is only the confidential Du- form, the tuteo used (eg Rocha, Lavalleja, Maldonado ). Other areas in turn have mixed forms such as " tú cantas " ( tuteo / Voseo ) or " vos cantas " ( Voseo / tuteo ) to ( Tacuarembó, Rivero ). In Montevideo occur even four variants: tuteo / Voseo: tú cantas Voseo / Voseo: vos cantas Tuteo / tuteo: tú cantas (rarely and only in very formal occasions ) Voseo / tuteo: vos cantas

Pronominal verbal voseo That form of voseo is in Argentina and Uruguay the most common and consists of the pronoun vos and a special, different from the standard Spanish Voseo - verb form. This verb appears here in the 2nd person plural without diphthong: Hablas vos, vos Ténès, vos Salis.

Pronominal voseo The pronoun vos replaces the pronoun of the second person singular tú and ti.

• As subject: Puede que vos Tengas razón.
• As a vocative: ¿ Por qué la Ténès contra Alvaro Arzú, vos?
• As a preposition: Cada vez que sale con vos, Enferma se.
• Compare at: por lo menos It tan actor como vos.
• At the possessives as well as emphatic pronouns are accessed though the forms of tuteo (te, tu, tuyo ) back: Vos te acostaste con el tuerto. No tus ojos Cerres.

Be verbal voseo This special, non-standard Spanish, verb forms used ( - ás, - és, - ís ). The verb endings are of cultural, social and geographical factors dependent and may vary accordingly: Hablas tú, tú Ténès, tú vivis. The voseo verb forms are combined with the pronoun tú. For example, compete in some parts of Uruguay vos and tú each other.

Verbalvoseo in the presence of the subjunctive The Verbalvoseo as in the indicative with Diphthongreduzierung either with an open vowel ( a, e → Suba, Hables ) or a closed vowel ( i → hablís ). The ending -is displayed here only with verbs ending in -ar. Examples of the Buenos Aires: cantes vos, vos tengas, vos vivas

Verbalvoseo in the past The past tense of the indicative and the Subjuntivos is not affected by voseo and is based on the time of formation of the second -person singular ( vos tomabas ). The preterit ( pretérito perfecto simple) is formed in the indicative with the shape of the second person plural without diphthongization ( volvistes ). In some areas, but also the second person singular is preferred ( volviste ). This allows to various forms sometimes with and sometimes without finding -s. In Buenos Aires alone can both cantastes and cantaste hear.

Verbalvoseo in the future tense

As in the present tense one wavers between Diphthongerhalt ( viajaréis ) and Diphthongreduzierung ( viajarés / viajarís ).

Voseo in imperative forms typical case is the omission of the ending- d in the second person plural ( tomad > Toma, poned > pone ). When imperative is also to note the emphasis on Veni acá, sentate. The Irregular in forming the imperative forms in the second person singular, which gives it the tuteo (eg di, haz, juega, mide ), fall away ( Deci, HACE, juga, Medicare ).

Loísmo

Noticeable in this context is the use of lo ( s ) as a direct pronominal object, regardless of gender or number. It is true that the le / les is used in northeast Argentina, in the remaining part of the country of Loísmo is however widespread.

• Después toda la oveja me Quito y lo ha Llevado a la hacienda; No lo conozco a sus hermanos.
• Lo ENCONTRE ayer instead of le ENCONTRE

Queísmo

The Queísmo is also common in the La Plata area and says the omission of the preposition de, a, s, con, etc. before the conjunction que.

• Nos damos cuenta que ... ( place de que )
• El hecho que ...
• Todo se le Nego a la juventud [a la ] que no se le enseñó lo que era libertad y cómo aplicarla.
• El caso de mi sobrina [a la ] que le regalaron una computadora.

Pretérito perfecto compuesto / pretérito perfecto simple

In the north- eastern Argentina (Tucumán, Salta, etc.) are compound tenses very common, whereas the rest of the country (including Buenos Aires ) rather the simple past ( pretérito perfecto simple) preferred. The pretérito perfecto compuesto has lost there in the spoken language of his position as a bridge between past tense and present tense. Instead, dominates the pretérito simple, regardless of the context, the interpersonal communication. In more formal circles, however, the use of pretérito compuesto seems to be a bit bigger. Furthermore, it can - surrounded by other tenses - a narrated event in certain contexts emphasize and highlight stronger. Example from San Juan / Argentina:

"(...) Entonces casi todos para ese día, y como lo cierto que it había tantos casos de estacionamiento ilegal, se quiso que ..., este, pudiera resolver su situación, pero han pasado una ley de lo que más troglodita conocerse puede. "

Lexis

The lexis of the Rio de la Plata Spanish is influenced by many sides, including from European languages ​​( Italian, French, English); Brazilian Portuguese; indigenous and African languages ​​; other Spanish varieties ( lunfardo, cocoliche ) and variants ( Chilean ). Nowadays, as in many parts of the world, the English language a growing influence on the rioplatense.

Dissemination

The main distribution area of the Río de la Plata Spanish is close to the Río de la Plata, and the great centers of Buenos Aires, Montevideo ( Uruguay) and Rosario. Due to the extremely high population density and the consequent enormous number of speakers, this region is the heartland of this Spanish variant represents a likewise geographically large area of the Río da la Plata Spanish is Patagonia and thus the entire southern part of Argentina, but with a comparatively small number of speakers due to the relatively low population.

However, is the Río de la Plata Spanish dar. only one of many other variants in Argentina since Buenos Aires but acts as a central core of Argentina, it seems logical that especially through the influence of the media, this dialect the hegemonic position under the dialectal variants occupies. The further you get from this " core area " away ( except Patagonia), the more work other influences (eg indigenous effects), on the Río de la Plata Spanish.

Geographical Distribution

Argentina

Argentina is divided by Berta Elena Vidal de Battini in five or six linguistic zones:

• In this part of Argentina, the Río de la Plata Spanish is almost exclusively practiced (excluding the extreme south, where Patagonian / indigenous influences have affected the language, including a large part of Uruguay with Montevideo as a linguistic center )
• The variant is colloquially known porteña under the name, but to meet the region, also referred to as bonaerense
• After Battini can this zone again subdivided into 3 other zones:

Uruguay

Uruguay also represents a large geographic and demographic language area of ​​the Río de la Plata variant dar. As Argentina Uruguay is also not linguistically homogeneous nation. The center provides Montevideo as the capital of the country dar. The majority of the phonetic, grammatical and lexical features are consistent with the Río de la Plata variant match. Only in the northern part of the country, the Portuguese has a greater impact on the dialect of the population. In the rest of the country can be expected at most minimal deviations in the light of the predominant matches to Spanish of Argentina.

Dialectal varieties

As part of the waves of immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries, it has also come to form other contact varieties. Here are mainly the cocoliche and lunfardo named. These two forms of speech can be attributed mainly to the massive Italian immigration wave end of the 19th century.

Cocoliche

→ Main article: cocoliche Erected in the late 19th century and used by predominantly Italian-speaking immigrants, this contact variety, a hybrid of the Italian and the Spanish language; they acted as a "transitional solution" to the immigrants in the process of learning the Spanish language, but also had an important cultural holding role: it was used as a form of expression in the theater or even as a literary tool. However, this contact variety was lost in the course of the following generation with the beginning of the 20th century, due to the Spanish-language education as well as the political and cultural system. Today, the cocoliche exists partly in the " argot " Buenos Aires ' continued: the lunfardo.

Lunfardo

→ Main article: lunfardo The lunfardo is considered informal contact variety and is still spoken in parts of Argentina and Uruguay, especially in Buenos Aires and Montevideo. Has developed the variety as the cocoliche from the mid 19th century and is considered as a mixture of Spanish, Italian and other European and indigenous languages. Nowadays the lunfardo is popular as the language of "simple" people in Buenos Aires. This is demonstrated by the existing literature and music culture. The contact variety is now regarded as historically developed in parallel form of communication in the Greater Buenos Aires to Río de la Plata Spanish.

Influences

Historical influences on linguistic zoning

→ Main article: History of Argentina The causes of this is developing different linguistic zones can be found among others in the country's history. Argentina has not fundamentally changed in his geographical territory since its independence from the Spanish mainland in 1810. During the previous centuries of the colonial period, however, far- reaching transformations. These explain the differing regional differences of the Río de la Plata Spanish. Argentina was colonized by three different directions. Each of these initiatives colonization happened in different ways and explain the linguistic differences due to different linguistic forms of contact and lines of development.

→ East: Buenos Aires was built in 1536 by Pedro de Mendoza, of the Paraná River upstream went by ship and later the present capital of Paraguay, Asuncion founded. This newly built town on the estuary should consist of Potosi (now Bolivia) simplify and speed up the removal of the silver and put a strategically important base for the colonial power dar. Although Spain initially forbade transport over the newly founded city, Buenos Aires flourished through the smuggling of silver. The construction of other cities (Tucumán 1565, Santa Fe / Cordoba 1573; Salta 1582; Corrientes 1588; Jujuy 1593) and the associated demographic growth in Central Argentina were the result. As Buenos Aires capital of Argentina was established in 1617, its influence continued to grow, as the roads were shorter and faster for the Spanish Empire to use. 1726 (Uruguay ) founder of Buenos Aires and Montevideo, which explains the almost linguistic analogy. In the so-called desert campaign end of the 19th century also the entire southern Argentina was captured and taken to Patagonia. The indigenous population housed there disappeared from the scene, leaving behind thousands of square kilometers of usable pasture and arable land for the soon incipient migration flows to Argentina. Apart from now begins, European immigration waves also African slaves who were forced to work in the newly conquered territories were. → West: Crossing the Andes of western Argentina was conquered from Chile, where the present-day regions of Mendoza, San Juan and San Luis were originally counted to Chile. Only with the establishment of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776, these areas are subject to the Argentine administrative district. This shows the extent linguistic proximity of these regions explained by the Chilean. Tucumán put the supra-regional administrative capital is for the Western regions, after which some linguistic features are also due. Despite the immense media influence from the Greater Buenos Aires of Chilean influence on the language is still present. However, español rioplatense gaining more and more importance in the region. The number of indigenous aborigines ( Mapuche ) in this area has declined sharply over the centuries. However, some dictionaries as well as place names have been preserved. → North: In expeditions from Peru and Bolivia, starting crossing, the northern part of Argentina was conquered and colonized. A significant proportion of Quechua - speaking population formed the dominant in this region linguistic variant of Spanish. A special feature in this case the city of Santiago del Estero is: although the oldest city in Argentina (1553 based), it remained over the years but in the shade of large and important cities Tucumán and Córdoba back and created a linguistic enclave with unique dialect roots.

European influences

Until about 1870 there was a more or less homogeneous, Spanish -centric, linguistic unit in Argentina and especially the littoral region around Buenos Aires. This base existed both in the urban, cultural as well as the rural, rustic level. With the onset of migration flows from Europe to the end of the 19th century, this homogeneity was partially lost. Between 1870 and 1890, mostly Spaniards (mainly from the Basque Country and Galicia ), North Italians, and French and German. At the beginning of the 20th century, during the second great wave of immigration came mainly Spaniards and Southern Italians. The Italians made ​​here in Argentina about a 50% share of the immigrants. This also explains the origin of the contact varieties cocoliche and lunfardo, as well as the significant influence of the Italian language on the slowly evolving variant of the Río de la Plata Spanish. This so-called "melting pot", which arrived by the migrants had an immensely important historical significance in the political, social, cultural and linguistic development of Argentina. It also results that saw a majority of the population as direct descendants of European immigrants. Italian Influence in español bonarense

• Capo = boss / leader
• Laburo = work
• ñoqui = Gnocchi

Indigenous influences

By the beginning of European and later Argentine conquest, much of the indigenous population has disappeared in Argentina. Nevertheless influenced the indigenous languages ​​through direct contact, the Spanish dialect in some cases substantially, and exercised visible impact on the Río de la Plata from Spanish. In the case of Argentina, these were mainly the Guarani and Quechua.

Guaraní

The settlement area of ​​the Guaraní - speaking Indian tribes extended over the southern part of Brazil, Paraguay and some parts of Bolivia, Uruguay and northern Argentina ( Misiones, Corrientes ) and has most held in Paraguay, where it is the second official language and mother tongue of about 3, 2 million people is spoken. There are still many loanwords that have held in Río de la Plata Spanish or in general Spanish vocabulary. The following comes from the Guaraní from:

• Anana (s) = Pineapple
• Jaguar jaguar =
• Mandioca manioc =
• Nandu = Nandu

Quechua

Quechua served as the administrative language of the Inca Empire and extended after the Spanish conquest in 1600 from the Amazon region of Ecuador on the plateaus of Bolivia to north- western Argentina and supplanted the second indigenous language, the aimara in these areas significantly. In addition, the Quechua is now regarded with 7.8 million speakers of the numerically important, partly strongly dialektalisierten, Native American languages ​​. In Peru, Quechua is true with 40% of speakers (on the measured total population) as defined by the Constitution second official language. These indigenous language has left its mark in the Spanish language and the Río de la Plata variant. The following borrowings are from the Quechua from:

• Cancha = sports ground
• Carpa tent =
• Chacra = small estate, yard
• Coca coca = ( - plant )
• Cóndor = (Andean ) Bird
• Palta = avocado
• Vicuña vicuña = ( Lamaart )

African influences

The proportion of the black population was in Buenos Aires and Montevideo in the late 18th and early 19th century at about 40 %, setting a significant cultural and linguistic counterpoint to the Hispanic language and society dar. Until the beginning of the 18th century said, although very few of the african -descended people Spanish. This should change to mid-19th century into not serious. As before, there was an African population in Buenos Aires and Montevideo, the practice of the so-called bozal - Spanish, which can be understood as contact variety between African languages ​​and Spanish. However, there was little impact on the present River de la Plata Spanish. John M. Lipski explains this by referring to the habit of the white population that used the bozal - Spanish when communicating with the Africans to speak condescendingly by imitating this rudimentary version of Spanish. The idea was rather than amusement middle. Thus it was for the African -descended people of great interest to learn the Spanish language in order to escape this discrediting. This influence on today's Río de la Plata Spanish took place barely.

• Mucama = domestic workers
• Quilombo = mess / mess ( sl )