Rumex obtusifolius

Rumex dock ( Rumex obtusifolius )

The broadleaf dock ( Rumex obtusifolius ) is a plant of the genus sorrel ( Rumex ). It comes in many parts of Eurasia and North Africa before, of course. It is used as an edible and medicinal plant, but rather viewed today in agriculture and horticulture as weed and is due to its rather high oxalic acid content as toxic.

• 2.1 dissemination
• 2.2 location

• 7.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Appearance, shoot and root axis

The broadleaf dock grows as overwintering green, perennial herbaceous plant, the plant height of 50 to 120, exceptionally reaches up to 150 cm. The upright, branched from the center to the paniculate inflorescence, grooved, hairless stem is crowded often reddish.

The relatively large, vertical " rootstock " this hemicryptophytes is branched mehrköpfig and has a diameter of up to 1.5 cm. The root system extends to a depth of 2 meters.

The cotyledons are lanceolate and 20-25 mm long.

The Ochrea lapses or remains in ruins. The basal and alternate on the stem are arranged distributed leaves are hairless or the veins of the underside of tiny papillae - rough. The 6 to 12 cm long stalked basal leaves have a broadly elliptic or narrowly to broadly ovate, 15-40 cm long and 10-15 cm wide leaf blade with generally significantly sweetheart Spreitengrund, obtuse to spitzlicher Spreitenspitze and smooth, flat to slightly wavy margin. The upward progressively smaller stem leaves have a shorter petiole and leaf blade ovate with a narrow wedge-shaped to a gestutzen Spreitengrund.

Generative features

Inflorescence

The big, broad, Rispige total inflorescence has ascending to erect protruding branches that are unbranched and straight. 10 to 25 flowers stand together in loose translucent vibrant part inflorescences. These are the base of the branches away and sit in the axils of leaves leaf -like bracts, towards the tip they are approximated and leafless. The flower stalks are usually 2.5 to 8.5 (up to 10 ) mm long, filiform and divided below the half.

Flower

The hermaphrodite flowers are bell-shaped. The bloom are subject to the teeth is about 1.5 to twice as long as it is wide with a length of 3 to 6 mm and a width of 2 to 3.5 mm. The inner bracts enlarge to fruit maturity.

Fruit

The time in the fruit russet staining Valven are ovate - triangular, triangular, or sometimes tongue- shaped, trimmed 3 to 6 mm long and 2 to 3.5 mm wide at the base, without teeth. You are on the edge serrated mostly clear, rare but also almost entire, blunt at the tip to spitzlich and straight. The teeth are for two to five on both sides of the border; it may be from 0.5 to 1.8 mm long, and longer or shorter than half the width of the blades. Most often has only a Valve a callus, often they are available at all three Valven and then a considerably longer.

The dark brown to reddish brown, shiny nut fruits, 2 to 2.7 mm long and 1.2 to 1.7 mm wide, ovate and sharply triangular.

Phenology

The flowering period extends from depending on your location from May or June to July or September. The fruits ripen about a month after conception.

Chromosome number

The three proven from Central Europe subspecies are tetraploid with chromosome numbers of 2n = 40

Occurrence

Dissemination

The broadleaf dock is widespread from the boreal to sub-Mediterranean zone of Europe and still happens in the Mediterranean zone to North Africa, but there is rare and there is but limited to the mountains and precipitation -rich areas. The broadleaf dock is in climatically suitable areas on the other continents abducted ( neophyte ).

Location

The broadleaf dock populated ruderal sites in ditches and roadsides and on dumps and fields, river banks, on forest blows and as eutrophication and Störzeiger to cut meadows and pastures. She prefers fresh or raw humus-rich, nutrient-rich loam and clay soils in light to partial shade, humid locations. These locations correspond in Central Europe in the following units of the phytosociological system in which the broadleaf dock has its occurrence priorities: Agropyro - Rumicion, Arction lappae, Aegopodion podagrariae, Epilobion angustifolii and Molinio - Arrhenatheretea.

Synecology

A single plant produces about 7,000 seeds, which are carried by the wind and float on the water. In the soil they can survive about 40 to 50 years and will be viable. The broadleaf dock is a light to germinate.

The broadleaf dock is considered a " weed " especially in grassland because it displaces other plants as competitive strong place robbers and is eaten by only a few species due to the oxalic acid content. Even in agriculture, the plant is ertragsschmälernd especially in cereal and is often combated chemically or mechanically.

As a precautionary measure one should never bloom In addition to avoiding high manure gifts, rank patches and microsites for plants or even cause it to bear fruit. When manual control can be putting out with a Black iron or extraction of the plant to apply for " Midsummer " (June 24 ).

The broadleaf dock is fodder plant of oligophagen caterpillars of the Great Fire butterfly ( Lycaena dispar Werneburg, 1864) and the Small copper butterfly ( Lycaena phlaeas Linnaeus, 1761 ) and the polyphagous caterpillars of the dock moth ( Acronicta rumicis Linnaeus, 1758), the Grey-brown Seidenglanzeule ( Caradrina morpheus Hufnagel, 1766 ), the banks of herbaceous Markeule ( Hydraecia micacea Esper, 1789), the Auenschuttflur - Blättereule ( Lacanobia Suasa Denis & Schiffer Müller], 1775), the book Prints Owl ( Naenia typica Linnaeus, 1758), the Achateule ( Phlogophora meticulosa Linnaeus, 1758) and the Raukenspanner ( Timandra griseata W.Petersen, 1902).

The leaves of the species are often con Cercospora rumicis infested. Similarly, the rust fungi Puccinia Phragmitis come var Phragmitis and Uromyces rumicis ago on the broadleaf dock.

System

Rumex obtusifolius was first published in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum.

From Rumex obtusifolius four subspecies are accepted:

• Rumex obtusifolius L. subsp. obtusifolius ( Syn: Rumex obtusifolius subsp agrestis ( Fries) Danser. ): The 4.5 to 6 mm long, clearly annoying, ovate to triangular- ovate, blunt Valven have about as long as the teeth Valve width. Most has only the outward facing Valve a callus. The petiole and the nerves of the lower leaf surface are often papillose - rough. The range of this subspecies has its focus in Western Europe with deposits without the other subspecies in the British Isles, France, Spain and Italy. Even in western Central Europe, this is the most common clan. Toward the east, it is increasingly of subsp. sylvestris replaced.

• Rumex obtusifolius L. subsp. sylvestris ( Wallr. ex Becker) Čelak. ( Rumex obtusifolius Syn sylvestris var Wallr ex Becker ( basionym ), Rumex sylvestris Wallr non Campd, non Lapathum sylvestre Lam.. .. ): The only 3 to 4 mm long, indistinct annoying Valven are entire or have the basic brief less than 1 mm long teeth. All three Valven have a callus. The petiole and the nerves of the lower leaf surface are completely bald. The range of this subspecies extends over Eastern Europe ( deposits without the other subspecies eastwards from Poland and the Baltic countries ) and reaches its western border in Central Europe.

• Rumex obtusifolius L. subsp. subalpinus ( Schur ) Rech.f.: The 5 mm long, clearly annoying, narrowly triangular to tongue-shaped, pointed Valven have short, about half as long as the teeth Valve width. Most has only the outward facing Valve a callus. The petiole and the nerves of the lower leaf surface are usually smooth or slightly rough. The range of this subspecies extends from the Balkan peninsula and - without the other subspecies - via Anatolia to the Caucasus. Only Austria are known transitional and approach forms; However, as in the rest of Central Europe unequivocal evidence missing here.

• Rumex obtusifolius L. subsp. transiens ( Simonk. ) Rech.f.: The 4 to 5 mm long, clearly annoying, ovate to triangular- ovate, obtuse to acute union Valven have short, about half as long as the teeth Valve width. The three Valven have uneven calluses. The petiole and the nerves of the lower leaf surface is usually glabrous, rarely rough. The range of this subspecies probably hybridogenen has its focus in the overlapping area of Rumex obtusifolius subsp. obtusifolius and Rumex obtusifolius subsp. sylvestris, ranging from southern Scandinavia over Central Europe to the Balkans. It is significantly rarer than subsp in Central Europe. obtusifolius.

Food, medicinal and poisonous plant

The fresh leaves of broadleaf broad leaved Dock are eaten by humans, such as mixed salad ingredient, spinach - share, or in vegetable broth. The dried seeds are used as a spice. The leaves have a relatively high oxalic acid content, therefore, their consumption, lead in humans and also in small animals to incompatibilities or lack of minerals, especially calcium. As food they serve the larvae of the butterfly species Lycaena Hyllus and Pyropteron siculum.

The plant is also used in folk medicine: A decoction of the roots for constipation and skin diseases, the seeds for diarrhea, eczema and for blood purification; The sheets are placed on top wounds, accelerate their healing.

Common names

The broadleaf dock is, among other things stump leaf sorrel, Scabious, Grind - dock, Grind Wurz (el), Half horse, half Gäckle, Half dock, Half Ross, half horse, Pferdts or Pferdeampfer, horse registration, Ross -Mangold, Wild Mangold, Wild tobacco, Wild Rhebarber, Rother wild radish, Blacke, Blackte, Popenpletsch, poppet herb, Bulldog, Dock, bucking, smallpox or rock music, rye leaf, toads leaves, Ohmbletter, butter leaves, butter rolls herb Stripf, Stripf (s) -, Strupf (s) -, Streif or Streippertwurz (el), Strupp salad, Strupp, Strupf, stripping or Schorflattich, Weyschwanz, oxtail, ox tongue, cow tongue, Aspen Wurz, Paartenwurtz, bard root, lumbar root, Memwelwurz, marl Wurz, defects Wurz, boys herb Lamstadl, Schlipfen or lumbar herb called.

Swell

• Li Anjen (李安仁), Alisa E. Grabovskaya - Borodina, Sergei L. Mosyakin: Rumex. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae, Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27- X, pp. 338, Rumex obtusifolius - online.
• Sergei L. Mosyakin: Rumex. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 5: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2, Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford et al 2005, ISBN 0-19-522211-3, p 526 ( limited preview on Google Book Search ), Rumex obtusifolius -. online., limited preview in Google Book Search USA
• Rumex dock. In: FloraWeb.de.