Russula cyanoxantha
Women Russula ( Russula cyanoxantha )
The (Violet Green ) Women's Russula ( Russula cyanoxantha ) is a species of fungus in the family Täublingsverwandten. It is characterized by its large, purple to green and radialadrigen hat, his mild -tasting meat, the thick stem and its almost negative ferrous sulfate reaction. Especially characteristic in comparison to most related species are remarkably flexible, greasy -feeling lamellae. The Europe-wide common Täubling occurs in both deciduous and coniferous forests in the fruit body of the edible mushroom popular appear between June and early November.
As a mushroom of the year 1997, the Women's Täubling received a special attention.
- 5.1 Infra Generic Systematics
- 5.2 varieties and forms
- 5.3 Trivial names
- 7.1 Literature
- 7.2 Notes and references
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The fleshy hat is hemispherical young, then spread out flat and deepened almost funnel-shaped in age. It reaches a diameter of from 6 to 15 cm. The top is often tinted slate gray in young specimens. Later, the color purple and green portions is composed, each of which can dominate a color to monochrome. The edge is often colored violet purple. The center often has dark green tones, but can also fade. From the center to the edge extend radial fibers. The surface is bare, long greasy and shiny in damp weather. The edge is serrated sharp and pronounced in older specimens. The hat skin can be removed up to a third.
The fins are white. They are more or less closely packed and are usually relatively thin. Unlike most Täublingen they are quite soft and pliable. In longitudinal section, the fins are relatively narrow and narrowing both the stem and to the outer edge. They are often bifurcated and different lengths. Where the stem they are grown wide or a little run down it. The spore powder is pure white.
The tall, strong stem is white, purple, in rare cases, aspirated or reddish. It is built cylindrical and stout and is between 5 to 10 cm long and 1.5 to 2.5 cm thick. Towards the base it is tapered. The stem flesh shall be plump and firm in young specimens, and is at the age often vague or hohlkammerig.
However, the meat is white, violettlich - purple under the hat skin. It is odorless, tastes mild and affects almost cheesy. An important feature is the reaction of iron sulfate, which is negative at the Women's Täubling. In rare cases, the handle meat can also discolor pale gray to olivgrünlich with iron sulfate. With guaiac the meat reacts weak after about 50 seconds, then intense blue-green. The hat skin reacts with sodium hydroxide with sulfuric acid, and brownish green yellowish.
Microscopic characteristics
The roundish to oblong spores are 6.8 to 8.5 microns long and 6.0 to 7.5 microns wide. The Q value (length / width) is 1.1 to 1.2. The spores ornament consists of numerous, up to 0.5 microns high warts that are sparsely and indistinctly connected by fine wires.
The basidia are clavate and 45 to 55 microns long and 9-10 microns wide and bear four sterigmata. The cheilocystidia on the cutting blades are fusiform to cylindrical, 30 to 55 microns long and 4-6 microns wide. At the top they wear partly a small appendage. The 27-85 microns long and 3-6 microns long pleurocystidia on the vane surface look similar. All Zystiden are quite numerous and are stained with sulfobenzaldehyde pale gray with black Sulfovanillin something blue on.
The hat skin contains cylindrical, partially septate and branched hair -like, 2 to 5 microns wide Hphenzellen ( hair). Between 2 to 3.5 microns wide Pileozystiden are interspersed, the weak gray black stain in sulfobenzaldehyde. The hyphal walls are gelatinized.
Artabgrenzung
Of similar species such as the Parrot Russula (R. ionochlora ) or the blue-green Reiftäubling (R. parazurea ) is the easiest to distinguish the women's Täubling by the flexible, non-splintering slats. The species listed are also slightly smaller than the women's Täubling and do not have a pure white spore powder. Greenish shapes can be easily confused with the Green Speisetäubling (R. heterophylla ). In this, the stem flesh colored mostly pink clear with iron sulfate, also the spore the Green Speisetäubling are smaller.
The greenish risshütigen variations can be easily confused with the Grüngefelderten Russula (R. virescens), whose flesh with iron sulphate pink orange discolored and his hat skin consists to a large part of spherical cells. Also the Yellow Grey stem Russula (R. claroflava ) can yellowish forms of women's Täublings are very similar. His flesh turns gray in age, his blades are brittle and its spore powder is dark ocher cream to pale.
Ecology
The Women's Täubling is mostly found in forests with beeches and oaks. This mainly beech and silver fir mixed forests, especially Woodruff beech forests. He is also to be found in fir-beech and fir, as well as in Luzulo beech forests. Among the oak forests of the fungus is most commonly found in chickweed - oak-hornbeam forest. In addition, he also grows in spruce-fir and spruce forests as well as in parks and gardens.
The Täubling settled mostly fresh, medium enigmatic, loose soils that are slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, not to basenarm, but low in calcium. He is, however, rare to find in the longer term dry or jam -soaked, compacted and nutrient-rich, especially strong nitrogenous base.
The Women's Täubling is a mycorrhizal fungus that is associated with various deciduous and coniferous trees. He is usually to be found under beech trees, but also in spruce and oak trees. The fruiting bodies appear between June and early November. Single copies appear in mid -April.
Women russulas are often inhabited by larvae of the genus Drosophila. It was observed, such as Drosophila and Drosophila phalerata Cameraria lay their eggs specifically in the hat surface.
Dissemination
The Women's Täubling is in the Holarctic, so spread almost all over the northern Erdhemisphäre. So he can be found in Central and North America (USA, Mexico, Costa Rica), North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), in the Canary Islands, in Asia ( Caucasus, Russia, Korea, Japan, Taiwan) and Europe. The distribution is meridionally to Subboreal. Therefore, one can find it from the Mediterranean to the north to northeastern coniferous forests.
In Europe, the fungus is found throughout the deciduous forest area, but also in the spruce stands. The area stretching from Spain, the Balearic Islands, Italy, Serbia, Hungary and Romania in the south to the Hebrides and the central Fennoscandia in the north and east across Poland and Belarus to Russia.
In Germany, the Women's Täubling is widespread from the coast to the Alps and often. Shown are just a few larger gaps. Also in Austria Täubling among the most common types of fungi.
Systematics and Taxonomy
The scientific Artattribut ( epithet ) " cyanoxanthus " derives from the ancient Greek κυανός of adjectives (blue-green or cyan) and ζανθός (yellow).
Infra Generic Systematics
The Women's Täubling is provided Bon and Romagnesi in the sub-section Indolentinae, which in turn is in the section Heterophyllae. The representatives of the sub-section characterized by its mild flavor, the white spore powder and the negative reaction of iron sulfate. Typical are the soft, greasy -feeling slats that will not break down on finger pressure.
Varieties and forms
One distinguishes a var cutefracta, which has a dark olive green and purple in the middle - violettlich stain hat. The brim is marbled kleinfelderig, but not cracked. Furthermore, the warts are tapered on the spores and the reaction with guaiac runs weak after about 20 seconds, then intense blue-green. Other variations are flavoviridis with a uniform lemon yellow colored hat and variata with sharp- tasting meat and an unpleasant odor.
Other variations such as peltereaui or atroviolacea appear unjustified and obviously belong to the range of variation of the type species.
Trivial names
The designation as a women - Täubling probably derived from observed attributes such as "soft" and " yielding " itself, which are the embossed in patriarchal Western culture femininity Image attributed. In Italian, the Täubling Colombina ( dove ) is called, a woman's name, who is primarily known for the eponymous character from the Commedia dell'arte.
Importance
The Women's Täubling is edible and is considered a good edible mushroom. He is also a fungus of the year 1997.