Thymelaeaceae

Rosemary - daphne ( Daphne cneorum )

The Seidelbastgewächse or sparrows tongue plants ( Thymelaeaceae ) are a family in the order of Malvenartigen ( Malvales ). Her best-known species in Central Europe is the True daphne ( Daphne mezereum ). Some species are used as ornamental plants for timber production or for the production of incense.

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

There usually are woody plants: Trees or shrubs, rarely lianas; rarely there are also herbaceous plants. They are evergreen or deciduous. Typical is very fibrous bark for this family. In many species, the vegetative parts of plants have an unpleasant smell.

The leaves are usually arranged opposite, rarely alternate or whorled. The always simple and ganzrandigen leaves can be up to medium in size small. In some species they are also similar to the heather family ( Ericaceae ) reduced. The leaf veins are usually arranged in parallel. In many species, the fallen leaves left its leaf scars. Stipules absent.

Generative features

The flowers are borne singly or usually in lateral or terminal, dense, tufted, capitate, racemose or paniculate inflorescences. Often bracts are present. Some species are kauliflor.

The radial symmetry to slightly asymmetric and flowers are four - or fünfzählig (rarely sechszählig ). In most species the flowers are hermaphroditic. If the flowers are unisexual, then come monoecious ( monoecious ) or dioecious ( dioecious ) before getrenntgeschlechtige species. Almost always is an eye-catching flower cup ( hypanthium ) available in Synandrodaphne he lacks more or less. The most hollow base of the flower is usually extended to a so-called disk-shaped discus. The sepals are often fused into a cup down tube. In some species the sepals are brightly colored and form the scene apparatus of the plant, while the petals are reduced scale-like and sit at the entrance of the calyx tube or omissions. There are usually two circles, each with four or five stamens present, which are mutually free, but are adherent to the calyx tube. But it may also be present 11 to 35 stamens. In Pimelea only two fertile stamens are present. If two carpels are present, then a greatly reduced, they have grown into a top permanent, einfächrigen ovary. However, it can also be three to five, rarely up to twelve carpels present, which are fused into a continuous upper two to fünffächrigen ovary.

As fruits berries, fruits lokulizidale capsule ( Aquilaria ), achänenartige nut fruits and stone fruits occur.

The basic chromosome number is usually x = 9 (rarely 7-10); Polyploidy is frequent.

Ingredients

Many species are poisonous. They contain diterpene esters, fatty acids Cyclopropenoide, chelidonic, myricetin.

Dissemination

Representative of the family come from the world's temperate zones to the tropics, with the exception of Siberia, the Sahara desert and parts of North America. Special centers of distribution are the subtropical areas of Australia and Africa, as well as the Asian steppes and the Mediterranean. You have a greater diversity on the southern hemisphere.

Most species prefer dry, light -rich locations, for example, in bushes or in dry forests.

System

The Thymelaeaceae family was first published in 1789 under the name " Thymelaeae " by Antoine -Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam. , 76. Sometimes the release of Michel Adanson in Familles des plantes, 2, 1763, 278 is cited. Type genus is Thymelaea Mill and also the second German surname refers to the German common name sparrow tongues this genus. Synonyms for Thymelaeaceae Juss. are: Aquilariaceae R.Br. ex DC. , Daphnaceae Vent., Gonystylaceae Tiegh. , Phaleriaceae Meisn. , Tepuianthaceae Maguire & Steyerm ..

The family is divided into two subfamilies and a genus, the one nor the other subfamily is not included in either the: Depending on your view, the family contains about 50 to 60 genera with 500-800 species:

• Subfamily Octolepoideae Gilg ( Syn: Gonystylaceae Tiegh, Gonystyloideae Tiegh. . ): With seven to eight genera and about 50 species: Arnhemia Airy Shaw, with only one type: Arnhemia Cryptantha Airy Shaw; it occurs in Australia

• Deltaria brachyblastophora Steenis: The home is New Caledonia.

• Aetoxylon ( Airy Shaw) Airy Shaw, with only one type: Aetoxylon sympetalum ( Steenis & Domke ) Airy Shaw: This species grows wild only in the western Sarawak before.

• Amyxa pluricornis ( Radlk. ) Domke; it occurs in Borneo

• Atemnosiphon coriaceus ( Leandri ) Leandri: The home is Madagascar.

• Drapetes muscosus Lam.; it occurs Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands

• Goodallia guianensis Benth.; it occurs in Guyana

• Jedda multicaulis JRClarkson: The home is the north-western Australia.

• Oreodendron biflorum C.T.White; it occurs in Queensland

• Synandrodaphne paradoxa Gilg; they occur in tropical West Africa

• Sparrows tongue ( Thymelaea passerina (L.) Cosson & Germ. )
• Hairy sparrows tongue ( Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. )

• Incertae sedis: Tepuianthus Maguire & Steyerm. (Some authors own family Tepuianthaceae Maguire & Steyerm. ): With seven species, there are trees or shrubs that are native to the Guyana Highlands, almost only on the tepuis. They have a bitter bark.

Use

The bast fibers of many species (for example, Daphne, Edgeworthia, Thymelaea ) are very durable and are or were used for the production of ropes or paper.

Many tree species of this family have aromatic, hard wood. Some are used to build, others are used for smoking or as odorants for incense. Species from several genera of this family are called agarwood trees ( Aquilaria or Gyrinops example ) or Agarholzbäume.

Some species in this family produce so-called " gaharu " or " agarwood " (for example, Aquilaria ). It often forms from the heartwood after injury and probably also by fungal infections. " Gaharu " is highly valued as a source of incense and medicine. On the basis of these terms and some species were decimated in their habitats.

Due to the often small indeed, but pretty and fragrant blossoms of some species (eg Daphne, Dais, Dirca, Pimelea ) are used as ornamental plants.

Swell

• Description of the family of Thymelaeaceae in APWebsite. ( Section systematics and description)
• Yinzheng Wang, Michael G. Gilbert, Brian F. Mathew, Christopher Brickell & Lorin I. Nevling: Thymelaeaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 13, p 213: Online. (Section Description and systematics)
• Description in the Western Australian flora. ( Description section )
• Alfredo Noa Monzón: Thymelaeaceae in Flora de Cuba, Series A, Pl Vasc. 15 (13 ), 2009, pp. 1-39.
• Entry in the Flora of Madagascar. (English )
• GJ Harden: Thymelaeaceae in New South Wales Flora Online. (Section Description and systematics)
• B. Peterson: Thymelaeaceae: in Flora Zambesiaca, Volume 9, 2006.
• David John Mabberley: Mabberley 's Plant -Book. A portable dictionary of plants, Their classification and uses. 3rd ed Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4