Visual poetry
Visual Poetry is a collective term for all types of poetry or poetry in which the visual presentation of a text is an essential element of artistic design. Visual Poetry is to be distinguished from calligraphy and typographic art forms in which a new visual form for existing text is found.
Development
From the Greek late antiquity comes the technique of character poem (Greek technopaignon, Latin carmen figuratum ), in which the text is designed so that by the arrangement of letters and, where necessary, by additional, the text as acrostic, Mesostichon or tele Tikhon inscribed verses ( versus intexti ) at the same time an object such as an altar is represented pictorially, which is the content of the text in a relationship. The Latin authors of the Middle Ages take on this technique in the patristic age Porfyrius and Venantius Fortunatus, in the Carolingian period then particularly Rabanus Maurus, of the 28 figure poems to praise the Cross ( De laudibus sanctae crucis ) at the same time a detailed commentary explaining the construction and zahlensymbolischen has attached bases of the work.
In the Baroque period the figure poem is revived and maintained in Germany, especially in the pastoral poems of the flower Pegnesischen North, and also in other genera new compounds of image, speech and writing are tested (see icon). Concomitant about poetics of the Enlightenment, however, which so particularly Boileau, propagated in France, the poetic form not as a mistress, but as a servant of thought, and also the poetics of sensibility with their search for immediacy of emotional expression make such techniques, the necessary emphasize the symbolic character of the seal and the contents relate reflexively out under the verdict of the coerced and contrived. You have now given also the position under the conservative literary history the figure poem and related techniques since the 19th century tends to be assessed as aesthetically inferior.
Especially the self-referentiality and reflexivity form under reversed evaluative sign the starting point for the avant-garde modernism since Mallarmé, the text themed " shipwreck " and way to the " abyss " by the distribution of words illustrated in his poem Un coup de dés the on the sides and by their layout and typeface at the same time carries the syntactic and semantic polyvalencies bill sought. The poets of Futurism, Dadaism and Surrealism continue this development, most notably Guillaume Apollinaire with his Calligrammes. Among the conducting intentions are among the concerns to lift the unconscious or traditional hidden materiality and written poetry into consciousness again. In addition, a given already in Mallarmé fascination with aleatory and Combinatorial poetry, which has then also pronounced in so-called potential literature as the aleatory sonnets by Raymond Queneau.
Inspired by Eugen Gomringer and the poets of the Noigandres group from Brazil was created in the 1950s within the concrete poetry a special interest in visual poetry, the scientific study of this topic and the inclusion of non-European traditions, particularly the Japanese " Shikakushi " ( text for the eye) or " Shishi " ( Visual Text ), has promoted sustainable. In Austria, the Viennese group founded in 1954, grabbed approaches to the visual poetry.
The artists whose works are today counted to visual poetry, mostly working at the interface between poetry and the visual arts such as Klaus Peter Dencker, Gerhard Ruhm, or more recently the visual artist Rupprecht Matthies, who in his word sculptures and "Word Portraits " also the viewer or client itself incorporates text suppliers in the development process. The work on " word pictures" that are designed using the PC, is gaining in importance.
Poet of visual poetry
- Guillaume Apollinaire (France)
- Josef Bauer ( Austria )
- Chris Bezzel (D)
- Claus Bremer (D)
- Theo Breuer ( D)
- Joan Brossa (Spain, Catalonia )
- Giorgio Camastro (D)
- Carl Friedrich Claus (DDR )
- Guillermo Deisler (Chile; DDR)
- Klaus Peter Dencker (D)
- Brigitta Falkner ( Austria )
- León Ferrari ( Argentina)
- Lutz Fleischer ( D)
- Heinz Gappmayr ( Austria )
- Ilse Garnier ( Germany, France)
- Pierre Garnier (France)
- Gullar Ferreira (Brazil )
- Werner Herbst ( Austria )
- Christine Huber ( Austria )
- Ernst Jandl ( Austria )
- Johannes Jansen ( DDR)
- Gerhard Jaschke ( Austria )
- Angelika Janz ( Germany )
- Eduardo Kac (Brazil )
- Christian Katt ( Austria )
- Ilse Kilic ( Austria )
- Boris constrictor (Russia)
- Richard Kostelanetz (USA)
- Alberto Pimenta (Portugal )
- Karl Riha (D)
- Axel Rohlfs (D)
- Mario Rotter ( Austria )
- Gerhard Ruhm ( Austria )
- Konrad Balder Schäuffelen ( Germany )
- Mira Schendel (Brazil )
- Valeri Scherstjanoi (Russia, Germany )
- Rudolf Sikora (Czechoslovakia)
- Christian Steinbacher ( Austria )
- José Juan Tablada ( Mexico) ( 1871-1945 )
- Liesl Ujvary ( Austria )
- Günter Vallaster ( Austria )
- Jiři Valoch (Czechoslovakia)
- Fritz Widhalm ( Austria )
- Hansjörg Zauner ( Austria )