Ziziphus spina-christi
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Syrian Christ's Thorn ( Ziziphus spina- christi )
The Syrian Christ's Thorn ( Ziziphus spina- christi ), also called Sidarbaum, is a flowering plant in the family of the buckthorn family ( Rhamnaceae ). It is distributed from North Africa and the Middle East to the Indian subcontinent.
Description
The Syrian Christ thorn usually grows as evergreen shrub or sometimes as a medium to large tree, the plant height usually 3-8 meters can sometimes reach up to 20 meters and trunk diameter of about 60 centimeters. The trunk is rotated. The Syrian Christ's Thorn is well branched with broad crown. The light - gray bark is fissured and scaly. The bark of the hanging, flexible branches is grayish - white, glabrous or slightly fine hairs ( trichomes ). The side sheets are converted to the paired mandrels one of which is straight and approximately 2 inches long and the other is bent back and is 5 to 8 millimeters in length; they can sometimes miss.
The alternate arranged leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The 3-12 mm long petiole is hairy hairless or finely. The simple leaf blade is at a length of 2 to 6 centimeters and a width of 1-4 cm ovate - elliptical, almost circular, ovate - lanceolate or elliptical with blunt or nearly heart-shaped Spreitenbasis and short -sharpened, pointed or blunt upper end. The leaf margin is notched almost smooth or hardly recognizable. The upper leaf surface is bare and the underside is depending on variety glabrous or finely pubescent on the veins. There are three main nervous present and the side nerves are clearly visible.
Page Constantly having from 1 to 3 millimeters very short Blütenstandsschäften are the downy, hairy zymösen inflorescences. The woolly hairy flower stalk is 3 to 5 millimeters long. The hermaphrodite, greenish- yellow flowers are radial symmetry and fünfzählig double perianth with a diameter of 4 to 6 mm. The five finely hairy, keeled sepals are ovate with a length of about 1 millimeter, with more or less pointed upper end. The five petals are spatulate with a length of 1.25 millimeters. The bare disc is sublime zehnlappig and grooved. The five stamens do not protrude beyond the corolla. The stylus has two columns.
The edible, oval, with a diameter of about 1 centimeter, green, red or dark brown - yellow stone fruits have a hard stone core.
Occurrence
Ziziphus spina- christi is from North and East Africa (Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya) on the Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Iraq, southern Iran, to eastern Afghanistan, Pakistan and northwestern India spread. The wide distribution area of Ziziphus spina- christi ranges from Mauritania through the Sahara and the Sahel region of West Africa to the Red Sea.
Ziziphus spina- christi is resistant to drought and heat. Ziziphus spina- christi is sensitive to frost. It even comes in deserts before, with an annual precipitation of 100 mm. Ziziphus spina- christi preferred the banks of rivers and stagnant waters and it can be found in wadis, where groundwater is accessible. He is waterlogging up to 2 months and dry periods 8-10 months. Ziziphus spina- christi is thorny, impenetrable thickets. Ziziphus spina- christi thrives at altitudes from 0 to 2000 meters. For example, in Israel it grows at altitudes up to 500 meters. It grows at an annual average temperatures between 19 and 28 ° C and annual rainfall of 100 to 500 mm. Ziziphus spina- christi best thrives on alluvial plains with deep soils, but it grows on clay soils where water is available and on saline soils.
System
The first publication was in 1753 under the name ( basionym ) Rhamnus spina- christi by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 1, p 195 The recombination Ziziphus spina- christi to (L.) Desf. 1798 was published by René Desfontaines in Flora Atlantica 1, p 201. A homonym is Ziziphus spina- christi (L.) Willd. (published in Carl Ludwig Willdenow from: Species Plantarum, 4th edition, 1798, pp. 1105-1106 ). The specific epithet spina- christi means Christ's Thorn. Ziziphus spina- christi synonyms for (L.) Desf. are: . Ziziphus africana Mill, Ziziphus napeca Lam, Rhamnus spina- christi L., Ziziphus spinosa St. Lag
There are two varieties in the species Ziziphus spina- christi:
- Ziziphus spina- christi var aucheri ( Boiss. ) Qaiser & Nazim. The leaves are finely hairy at least between the leaf veins.
- Ziziphus spina- christi (L.) Desf. spina- christi var: The bark and the leaves are bare.
Use
The Syrian Christ's Thorn is planted in some areas of the world especially as a supplier of fruit. It is grown in oases of the Sahara, Tunisia, Algeria, Niger, in East Africa, on the Sinai Peninsula in Iran and northern India and sometimes in other areas such as Cuba.
The fruits are spina- christi gegessen.Ziziphus produces fruits even under unfavorable site conditions, such as poor soils and drought. From the fruits of an alcoholic beverage is produced. The fruits are sometimes sweet, but the Geschack and texture are worse than other Ziziphus species that are grown in Africa as well as in northern India. Average weigh the fruits of 50 g and contains a single large seed. The fruit contains 14.16% sugar and 1.6 % vitamin C.
The Syrian Christ's Thorn is an important honey plant. Particularly in Yemen and Eritrea, this type is important in production of honey.
The fruits and leaves are used as fodder. The leaves are eaten by grazing animals, but are not particularly nutrient Empire. The fruits are eaten by sheep and goats and the leaves besoners of camels.
The leaves are pulverized used as a shampoo and should have a positive impact on the growth of the hair roots.
The wood is used as firewood and for charcoal production, but since the Syrian Christ thorn grows slowly, you should not use him. Especially since it is termitenresitent, the red or dark brown, hard and heavy wood is processed in various ways. For example, are made from the Speerschäfte and ceiling beams and it is used in the art of carpentry. From the thorny branches fences are made.
The medi hiss use was investigated. It has been shown that the ingredients of Ziziphus spina- christi an antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-nociceptive effect possess and act against hyperglycemia. The most important bioactive phytochemicals of Ziziphus spina- christi are flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. The fruits are used in folk medicine to cure different diseases.
It was reported that the poisonous bark of Ziziphus spina- christi in larger doses reduce the activity of nematodes in wheat fields and leads to significantly larger income in the cultivation of sunflowers.
The Syrian Christ's Thorn is planted as a shade tree and windbreak. Due to the very profound Pflahlwurzeln and the spread root system of lateral roots can use the Syrian Christ's Thorn erosion control for the stabilization of sand dunes and other unstabierer substrates. The Syrian Christ's Thorn increases the available phosphorus content of the soils. This species is reinforced anggepflanzt also as a living fence.
Symbolism
The Syrian Christ's Thorn has a symbolic importance in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. According to tradition, the crown of thorns of Jesus Christ from the branches of the Syrian crown of thorns was plaited, it came to designing the spina- christi epithet. The Lotus Tree (Greek λωτός ) is mentioned several times in the ancient literature of unknown species determination. In Islamic mythology, the lotus tree stands at the end of the seventh heaven, bringing the highest level of human personality development is described. The Qatar Foundation chose the Syrian crown of thorns as a logo.
Trivial names
Trivial names in different languages (selection):
- English language: Christian thorn, Christ's Thorn, Christ's thorn, Christ's -thorn, crown of thorns, Judas tree, jujube, Nabbag, Nabk tree, nebbuck, Syrian Christian Thorn, Syrian Christ -thorn, Syrian Christ -thorn
- French language: you épine Christian, jujubier
- Spanish Language: yuyuba
- Portuguese Language: espinhos de Cristo
- Arababische Language: cornua, ENNaB, Sedr, zegregh zegzeg, zefzouf, ardj, ourdj, ghasse
- Hausa ( Sahel ): kurna
- Peul ( Sahel ): ngulunjaabi, kurnahi
- Tamachek ( Sahel ): abakat, kurna, tabaket, waeruu
- Berber: ABAQUA, korna
Swell
- C. Orwa, A. Mutua, R. Kindt, R. Jamnadass, A. Simons, 2009: Full Text PDF or sheet at Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide.
- Sheet at PROTA4U - Plant Resources of Tropical Africa - Your guide to the use of African plants.
- Ziziphus spina- christi in Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis In: Mohammad Qaiser, S. Nazimuddin: Flora of Pakistan, Volume 140: Rhamnaceae. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 1981. < / Ref >