Castling

Castling [ rɔxɑ ː də, also rɔʃɑ ː də ] is the best move in chess, are moved with the king and tower of a color. It is the only double move ( in which two characters are moved simultaneously ), which is allowed by the rules of chess. By a player performs or castled castling, he aims to bring the king to a safe position and develop the tower involved. Castling may be executed by any player per game only once; their admissibility is subject to a number of conditions. Differences are the short and long castling.

Term

The term comes from the Persian. The tower was then a chariot, called Ruch (Persian رخ face, see the medieval name Roch and the rook is still in use today in English "tower").

The expression chess castling and open the associated image of a complicated simultaneous movement of two (or several ) characters is also used in a figurative sense. What is meant is then about a politically -related persons and functions change ( "Personal castling " ) or situational change of position of football players during the game.

Definition and Requirements

Castling referred to a common double move of king and rook of the same color. The king, who must first be touched or moved during the execution of castling, making two steps toward the tower involved in the castling, then the tower in question jumps over the king on the neighboring field. There is a distinction between the long and large castling with the ( further away standing ) Women tower and the short or small castling with the nearby King's Tower. The notation is 0-0 for the short, 0-0-0 for queenside castling (regardless of color).

There are a total of 4 possible castling moves:

• Ke1 -c1 and Ta1 -d1 ( long white castling )
• Ke1 - g1 and Th1 -f1 ( short castling white )
• Ke8 - c8 and Ta8 -d8 ( long black castling )
• Ke8 - g8 and f8 - T8 ( black short castling )

Castling can only be executed if

Rook and King must also be "on the same row ." This formulation was only added in order to exclude the otherwise theoretically possible ( but in practice never seemed outdated ) Pam - Krabbé - castling.

The tower may be threatened or pull over a threatened area. Castling is considered a Three Kings. If a player performs an illegal castling and his opponent complained about this, he must be another Three Kings (this can also be the castling with the other tower ) run. If there is no legal Three Kings possible so he can have any legal train run ( so he does not have to pull the tower, which was involved in the illegal castling ).

Loss of castling right

For immediate, permanent loss of castling right in a game performs the following game situation:

• The king was drawn into the game,
• The one involved in the castling tower was pulled into the lot. The loss of castling rights applies for each tower separately.

For temporary loss of castling right in a game performs the following game situation:

• The king is in check,
• The king would cross a threatened box when castling,
• The king would stand by castling in chess.

Purpose of castling

In the opening phase of the game, the action is mostly from the center. The middle peasants are raised, the battle takes place here. This means that the king is in danger in the middle. In addition, the towers stand at the edge of offside. The king is thus brought into a safe position behind the edge of a stable peasant protection and the tower is out in the middle, where he actively participate in events and can be connected to the other tower.

The short castling is generally regarded as safer than the long castling. In the long castling a long pawn chain is to defend and the a- pawn is no longer covered by the tower, so that in many cases a pace needs to be invested to provide the king on b1 or b8 safer. In addition, must be cleared in preparation for the short castling only two fields. One advantage of the long castling is that the tower is now accepting influence of the center of the d-line.

Castling White and Black to different pages (as for instance in the Sicilian defense often the case), a particularly violent battle can arise because both sides can attack the opponent's king position with farmer advances without baring one's own king.

Furthermore, the artificial castling is to be mentioned. By the term is meant that a party castled not directly, but the purpose of castling by several trains ( ie, for example g2 - g3, Ke1 -f1, Kf1 - g2 and departure of the Th1) achieved. This is inevitably connected with a large loss of tempo. After the possible loss of castling right but this may be an appropriate way to bring their own king on one of the two wings in safety.

Historical

Castling is a relatively new development in the European chess. In the Asian chess variants, it is not found. Your predecessor was written in 1200, King jump, in which the king was allowed to perform in his first train a wide set. By 1550, it developed into today's castling. A plausible explanation for this change is that typically two trains - such as Th1 -f1 and the king leap g1 - immediately followed each other. Finally, both trains were combined to form a new double move. Today's rule that must not be castling out of check or by check, results from this history: When castling out of check would be with the old king jump rule of King initially illegally in chess remained (since the rook move came first ) at a castling by the chess of the tower would have when applying the old rule can be beaten after the first train from the enemy, so that the next king would often jump in turn led into chess and would therefore have been impossible. Additional rules to ensure that there are as few other changes in gameplay - Similar to the case of en passant was also here at the launch of a new type of train through - not immediately obvious from today's perspective.

The first mention is found in the early modern satire Gargantua et Pantagruel by François Rabelais ( 1564). In Italy, the " Freestyle castling " in which king and rook their places were free to choose developed. To be found at Salvio opening variations with castling, where land king and rook on the fields Kb8/Te8, Kg1/Te1 or Kh1/Tf1. In the writings of Gioacchino Greco (1600-1634), the limited castling was determined in its present form as the norm. This then spread forth of France, where Greco had unfolded its main effect, from the other countries. In Italy, however, continued for a long time was the right of free castling, and only at the end of the 19th century sat there, too, the international rule by. The last well-known chess master, who campaigned for the retention of free castling, was Serafino Dubois ( 1817-1899 ).

The notation symbol used 0-0 for the first time in 1811 Johann Allgaier in the third edition of his textbook. He used only the notation 0-0 and in the case of distinguishing 0 - 0r ( ight) and 0 - 0l ( eft). In 1837, then the icon 0-0-0 for queenside castling was introduced by Aaron Alexandre. A little later concurred with the manual of chess this use.

Not until 1964 was determined that two positions with identical position of the figures, but different castling rights ( so for example if a page has now pulled the nichtrochierten king) in the sense of repetition of the position are considered different.

Special

For castling alone claims

• Castling is the only train in which a king can move only to an adjacent field.
• Castling is the only train in which two stones of the same color are pulled simultaneously.
• Castling is the only train in which a tower on another piece may jump ( the king).

For the next castling, en passant claims

• Apart from the en passant is castling the only train in which the past, the position of importance.
• It is also next to en passant the only train in which two fields are cleared simultaneously.
• Two chess positions with identical positions of all the stones and the same player at the train can thus be dynamically different, that has now been lost a right to castle or a right to beat en passant. Here, the right to castle only applies to the train as lost if the king or the corresponding tower actually pull, but not with a train, which enforces a king or rook move.

Claims for castling in addition to other features

• Just as farmers and shock trains can not be reversed in a later train.
• Apart from chess deduction is the only way with a Three Kings Chess has to offer.

These features are used in chess composition, see castling in chess composition.

Castling as attacking move

The fact that the tower may in castling skip the king of its own, sometimes resulting opportunity for a treacherous trap:

By castling a double attack occurs on the black king and rook player:

Chess variants

In some chess variants, there are remarkable interpretations of castling rule. In Chess960 is only set in place certain positions (on first row ) that the king stands between the two towers at the beginning. When castling, landing the two characters exactly as they would be after castling in classical chess. In Cylinder Chess, there are two-way connection lines between the King and each of the towers, that is, it is also possible, with the women's tower to castle big small and the king storm. When Janus Chess turn the king moves next to the tower and the tower then jumps over the king.

Records

The title of the latest made ​​for trains castling hold equally the two games Neshewat - Garrison, Detroit in 1994, with 48 ... 0-0 and Somogyi -Black, New York in 2002 with 48 ... 0-0-0. In both cases, Black won.

Castling with the fewest number of stones on the board was in a lot Pupols -Myers, Lone Pine 1976, instead, pulled as white in the final 40 0-0-0, with only eight stones on the board. The match ended in a draw.

The largest number of reshuffles in a game was 3 and was played in a game Heidefeld - Kerins, Dublin 1973. White castled illegally twice - unnoticed, but in vain, because he lost the game.

Castling errors

The castling rules form one of the most complicated parts of the rules of chess. Also famous masters passed in some cases misunderstandings with castling:

• During the 21 game in the Candidates final against Anatoly Karpov in 1974 Viktor Korchnoi asked the referee if he could castle when his tower was attacked - he was in the particular moment usually unaware.
• Yuri Averbakh protested in a game against Cecil Purdy against its castling, because the tower had crossed an attacked field. He took it to falsely that this was illegal.
• Richard Réti castled in a match against Carlos Torre large, even though he had already drawn with the women's tower. He escaped with a playable Three Kings into the draw.
• Alexander Kotov castled in a match against Boris Spassky, though he stood at bay. His alternative Three Kings handed yet to win the game.
• Nigel Short castled in a match against William N. Watson with black large, although the white queen on a5 the field dominated d8. This mistake resulted in the immediate loss of the game.
• Mikhail Tal forgot in the eighth match game against Bent Larsen in the Netherlands in 1969 that he had been prevented from castling permanently, so made ​​a crucial mistake and lost later.