Coach (carriage)
A coach is a spring-loaded wagon, so a spring-loaded, of course animals drawn, covered wagon. A coach can be one or two axes, have a closed body or a movable roof. Full open horse-drawn carriages are by definition no carriages. Are drawn carriages almost only of horses, and there are one- and Mehrspänner.
- 3.1 Number of axles
- 3.2 Type of strain
- 3.3 Position of the charioteer
- 3.4 Layout of passengers
- 3.5 Hood
- 3.6 The brakes
- 3.7 The brake lever
- 3.8 Type of suspension 3.8.1 Typical spring forms
- 4.1 coaches 4.1.1 Quite frankly
- 4.1.2 Traditional unsprung
Word origin
The word coach is derived from the Hungarian Kocsi. , Kocsi ' means' from Kocs ", the name of an undertaking in the Hungarian county Komáron village in which first produced these carriages, and were first documented in 1272. It spread with the Dutch " Koets ", French / Spanish / Portuguese " coche " and English "coach ".
History
Even the Romans used, at least from the second century AD, suspension travel car. However, the technology was apparently lost with the decline of the ancient world. In the 15th century, the suspension in the Hungarian Kocs was invented again. The first written mention of the word kocsi (then spelled yet kocsy ) dated to the year 1469. From then on has been improved steadily to the carriages, whatever blazes the development of technology. The great success of this comfortable coach - carriage, which spread rapidly across the continent, reflected therein reflected that in many European languages corresponding names were named after this Erfindungsort ( and are still so called ), for example, coach ( English), carriage ( German ), coche (French), cocchio ( Italian), coche ( spanish).
A whole range of occupations was engaged in coach: eg wheelwright, carpenter, painter, Liner brush and v. A.
Carriages were always a symbol of status, but which has been expressed not only by the car itself, but by the whole equipage.
Towards the end of the 19th century possessed the city of Columbus in the State of Ohio more than twenty companies that produced carriages, so that traditional one-sixth of the world's produced coaches from Columbus. The Lindner wagon factory in Halle has significantly contributed to the world production: " By the end of the coach production in 1912 a total of almost 6000 vehicles have been delivered. "
Carriages were until the end of the 19th century, the travel agent for travel by land par excellence. The wealthy British family of nursing pioneer Florence Nightingale undertook, for example, from 1837 to 1838 a trip to the European continent, had finished a six horses traveling coach for William Edward Nightingale, in addition to the family of four Nightingale on the roof of the coach is also room for two maids, a servant and a messenger bot. It was the development of the automobile left the carriage slowly disappear from the streets.
In very few countries, the coach is still an important means of transportation. In Central Europe, carriage driving is exercised today almost exclusively as a hobby or sport. In the official timetable of Switzerland 2005 continued to exist a coach route ( between Pontresina and Roseggletscher ).
From the carriage to the automobile
On March 8, 1886, the automotive pioneer Gottlieb Daimler ordered a carriage to type " Americain " with Wilhelm Wimpff & Sons in Stuttgart, which was delivered in August 1886. Originally intended as a gift for his wife, Emma, "ended " it after Daimler had there built an engine, as the first four-wheeled automobile.
Distinguishing features
Carriages were built earlier by manufacturers individually according to the customer's order. Only at the very end of the era of the coaches at least items were produced industrially. Therefore, historic carriages are always unique. The different types of cars are therefore not comparable with the current models of the automotive industry.
Nevertheless, there are some features in order to classify a coach can:
Number of axes
Two or one; uniaxial such as the Hansom Cab and, if provided with canopy, the gig
Kind of tension
Main article: tension
- City tension
- Country tension
Position of the charioteer
- Self Drive: The Self-drive being driven by the owner of the car or any of the travelers themselves. Recognizable by the equipment of the driver's seat. Typical self-drive: The Phaeton
As a coach box is called the seat of the carriage, on which sits the driver while driving.
- To depart from the coachman. Kutschbock ahead of passengers
- Coachman's seat forward for passengers
- Kutschbock back to passengers
Seating arrangement of the passengers
- Vis- à-vis, ie face to face backward and forward looking
- Dos -à- dos, so back to back, looking forward and backward
- All looking in the same direction
- Vis -à-vis transverse to the direction of travel, including at a Wagonette and the classic horse-drawn omnibus
Hood
- Canopy, ( for example, when Kremser )
- Folding top (eg when Landauer )
- Fixed roof (eg the Berline )
The brakes
- In areas with few slopes you can still find carriages with no brakes. The draft animals can the car even on the Aufhalter and Kumt or neck coupling, the chest -strap harness, or slow down an additional breeching.
- Skids (also: brake shoes) were used on longer runs, especially in the mountains to the brakes.
- Mountain brake prevents the downhill rolling of the carriage.
- Shoe brake
- Disc brakes are standard in modern carriages.
The brake lever
- Train brake (similar to the hand brake when car)
- Pressure brake ( hand brake for a forward press)
- Spindle brake ( for cranking ) with brake pad made of wood
- Handwheel
- Foot brake (on most modern carriages )
Type of suspension
The suspension is different from the coach car, the execution shows the progress of technology, but also the state (see also: equipage ). The suspension makes the transport of people more convenient and safer. Dragging is easier for draft animals.
The suspension of the car body by means of a four poles on thong was the first form of the suspension. The posts were later replaced by leaf springs and finally spring packages.
Typical spring forms
- S- shape and C-shape
__ \ / \ _ \ _
- Elliptic springs with subtypes:
- Simple elliptical spring
- Doppelelliptikfeder
- (Also called Dreiviertelelliptikfeder ) Halbelliptikfeder
___________ ________ / \ / \ ______ / \ _______ / \ ________ / Strap - C-spring Some modern coaches have air suspension. (eg for off-road driving ).
Arrangement of the springs on the car frame
- A spring per wheel
- Denuett suspension. 1 additional spring per axis connects the primary feathers.
- Parallelogram suspension. 4 springs per axle. Two additional springs connect the primary feathers transversely to the carriage direction.
Special Features
E.g.
- In the car body integrated box with ventilation slots to safely accommodate dogs ( the dog box).
- Tomboy to transport hunted game ( characteristic of hunting car ).
Usage
- Traveling carriage ( historical ) Stagecoach (historic and nostalgic )
- Wheeler ( historical and nostalgic )
- For off-road driving
- For dressage riding, etc.
Types of cars
Carriages
- Berline: similar to the Landauer, but with a fixed roof
- Bregg ( f ): a large, hochrädriges horse vehicle with seats for entire families
- Cabriolet
- Carrick, two wheels, two horses
- Carruca ( Roman Cart )
- Char -à- Bancs, four-wheeled hunting and excursion vehicle
- Char -à- Côté: a kind of observation cars
- Coupé: four-wheeled carriage with two seats in a cabin, in which the driver far forward and also sat outside.
- Duc
- Yellow coach
- Gig
- Golden Carriage ( Sondershausen )
- Hack, Hackney, Depot Hack
- Imperial Coach
- Hunting car: At the rear, a catcher for storing wild game is installed.
- Calash
- Kremser
- Landau
- Landaulet
- Bus
- Park car
- Phaeton Spider Phaeton: light version of a Phateon
- Stanhope Phaeton
Quite frankly
- Buggy
- Break: severe type of car to retract young horses
- Dog Cart
- Marathon carriage
- Roll coach
- Sulky
- Wagonette
Traditionally unsprung
- Wagon
- Trolley
Museums
- Museum of Carriages, carts and chaises in Heidenheim an der Brenz
- Carriage Museum in Laa an der Thaya (Lower Austria )
- Marstall Museum Schloss Nymphenburg (Munich )
- The wagons of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna
- Prince Thurn and Taxis Marstallmuseum Castle St. Emmeram (Regensburg)
- Hessian Carriages and Carriage Museum in Lochmaben, near Kassel
- Museum axis wheel and carriage of the BPW axle factory in Wiehl ( Oberbergischer circle)
- Historic Carriage Museum in Neustadt / Dosse ( Ostprignitz -Ruppin )
- Carriage Museum of the museum village Kobrow II ( Parchim )
- Carriages and Carriage museum in Rottach- Egern
- Journey of life - life's journey in the carriage hall on the castle island in Schleswig an exhibition of the Folklore Museum Schleswig
- Carriage Museum Schwabsoien (Upper Bavaria), owner: Johann Hartmann
- Carriage Museum Gruber ( Grossraming, Upper Austria )