Cyphostemma

Cyphostemma cirrhosum

Cyphostemma is a genus within the family of grapevine family ( Vitaceae ). The about 250 species are mainly found in Africa and Madagascar.

5.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

In Cyphostemma species is creeping, self- erect or climbing, perennial herbaceous plants or to little to more woody plants that grow upright independently as shrubs or climbing vines as. Some species are more or less succulent (eg Cyphostemma elephantopus, Cyphostemma juttae ). They can be evergreen or deciduous. If sprout tendrils are present, then they are faced with the leaves.

The alternate arranged on the stem axis leaves are usually divided into petiole and leaf blade. Depending on the leaf blade is rarely easy or mostly divided palmately three-to neunzählig. The leaf margins are smooth, lobed or toothed. Stipules are present.

Inflorescences and flowers

In Cyphostemma species the flowers are hermaphroditic; in many genera of the subfamily Vitoideae they are predominantly unisexual. The pendant, doldigen to doldenrispigen inflorescences contain several to many flowers. There are supporting and bracts and pedicels available. The flower buds are more or less cylindrical or bottle-shaped with a rounded top, the inflated often more or less, and at or near the center is more or less constricted.

The relatively small flowers are cruciform and radial symmetry with a double perianth. The four sepals are fused at more or less its entire length and there are not always four calyx teeth visible. The four free, fluffy or glandular- hairy petals are shaped hood at the top, bend after anthesis down and fall off very early. The intergrown with the ovary discus consists of four very fleshy, truncated conical or nectar glands that are not mutually grow together. It is only the inner stamen circle with four fertile, free stamens present. The stamens are more or less straight. The two carpels are fused to an upper permanent, two-chambered ovary. The simple pen pfriemförmigen end in a relatively small, almost capitate easier to tiny two-piece scar.

Fruit and seeds

The fleshy berries usually contain only one seed. The seeds have at the top of one or a few combs and are often more or less wrinkled.

Systematics and distribution

The first description was in 1887 with the rank of a section Cissus sect. Cyphostemma Planch. the genus Cissus by Jules Émile Planchon in Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de Candolle and Anne Casimir Pyramus de Candolle: Monographiae Phanerogamarum, Volume 5, p 472; there " Cyphostomma " written. The rank of a genus Tetrastigma 1931 published by Arthur Hugh Garfit Alston in A Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, Volume 6, page 53. The genus name is derived Cyphostemma from the Greek words kyphos for bump and stemma for wreath from.

The genus belongs to the subfamily Cyphostemma Vitoideae within the Vitaceae family.

The wide natural distribution of the genus Cyphostemma comprises mainly Africa and Madagascar. 23 species are native only to Madagascar. Only a few species ranging eastwards to Thailand.

There are about 250 species Cyphostemma:

Cyphostemma abercornense Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma adamii Desc.
Cyphostemma adenanthum ( Fresen. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma adenocarpum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma adenocaule ( Steud. ex A.Rich. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma adenocephalum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma adenopodum ( Sprague ) Desc.
Cyphostemma allophylloides ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma alnifolium ( Schweinf. ex Planch. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma amplexicaule Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma amplexum ( Baker) Desc.
Cyphostemma anatomicum ( CASm. ) Wild & RBDrumm.
Cyphostemma andongense ( Welw. ex Baker ) Desc.
Cyphostemma ankaranense Desc.
Cyphostemma ankirihitrensis Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma auriculatum ( Roxb. ) P.Singh & BVShetty
Cyphostemma bainesii ( Hook.f. ) Desc:. It occurs only in Namibia.
Cyphostemma bambuseti ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma barbosae Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma betiforme ( Chiov. ) Vollesen
Cyphostemma bidgoodiae Verdc.
Cyphostemma biternatum ( Baker) Desc.
Cyphostemma boranense Vollesen
Cyphostemma bororense ( Klotzsch ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma braunii ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma brieyi ( De Wild. ) Compère
Cyphostemma buchananii ( Planch. ) Desc. ex Wild & RBDrumm. It is widespread in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Zanzibar, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa.
Cyphostemma bullatum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma burgeri Vollesen
Cyphostemma cabui ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma caerulans Desc.
Cyphostemma camerounense Desc.
Cyphostemma chevalieri ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma chloroleucum ( Welw. ex Baker ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma chrysadenium ( Gilg ) Desc.
Cyphostemma cirrhosum ( Thunb. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma comorense Desc.
Cyphostemma congestum ( Baker) Desc. ex Wild & RBDrumm. coming into Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia, and the northern Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa before.
Cyphostemma congoense ( auct. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma connivens ( Lam.) Desc.
Cyphostemma cornigera Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma cornus - africani Thulin
Cyphostemma cramerianum ( Schinz ) Desc:. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma crassiusculum ( Baker) Desc.
Cyphostemma crinitum ( Planch. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma cristigera Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma crithmifolium ( Chiov. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma crotalarioides ( Planch. ) Desc. ex Wild & RBDrumm. coming into Nigeria and Benin before to Sudan, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Cyphostemma cryptoglandulosum Verdc.
Cyphostemma cuneatum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.

Cyphostemma currorii ( Hook.f. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma curvipodum ( Baker) Desc.
Cyphostemma cymosum ( Schumach. & Thonn. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma cyphopetalum ( Fresen. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma dasycarpum Verdc.
Cyphostemma dasypleurum ( CASm. ) JJMvan der Merwe
Cyphostemma decurrens ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma degraeri ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma delphinensis Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma dembianense ( Chiov. ) Vollesen
Cyphostemma descoingsii Lavie
Cyphostemma desenfansii ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma digitatum ( Forssk. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma duparquettii ( Planch. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma dysocarpum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma echinocarpa Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma elephantopus Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma elisabethvilleanum ( Dewit ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma eminii ( Gilg ) Desc.
Cyphostemma engleri ( Gilg ) Desc.
Cyphostemma erythreae ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma erythrocephalum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma feddeanum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma flavicans ( Baker) Desc.
Cyphostemma flaviflorum ( Sprague ) Desc.
Cyphostemma fragariifolium ( Boii ) Desc.
Cyphostemma fugosioides ( Gilg ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma gigantophyllum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma gillettii ( De Wild. & T.Durand ) Desc.
Cyphostemma glanduloso - pilosa Desc.
Cyphostemma glandulosissimum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma gracillimum ( Werderm. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma grahamii Verdc.
Cyphostemma grandistipulatum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma granitica ( Wild & RBDrumm. ) Wild & RBDrumm. It thrives only in areas with granite and serpentine only on the " Watershed Central " and " Great Dyke " in Zimbabwe.
Cyphostemma greenwayi Verdc.
Cyphostemma greveana Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma griseorubrum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma hardyi Retief
Cyphostemma haumanii ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma hereroense ( Schinz ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma heterotrichum ( Gilg & R.E.Fr. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma hildebrandtii ( Gilg ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma hispidiflorum ( CASm. ) JJMvan der Merwe
Cyphostemma homblei ( De Wild. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma horombense Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma huillense ( Exell & Mendonça ) Desc.
Cyphostemma humile ( N.E.Br. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma hypoleucum ( Harv. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma jiguu Verdc.
Cyphostemma locust ( Exell & Mendonça ) Desc.
Cyphostemma Junceum ( Baker) Desc. ex Wild & RBDrumm. It comes from Westsfrika to Sudan and south to Angola, Zimbabwe and Mozambique before.

Cyphostemma juttae ( Dinter & Gilg ) Desc:. It occurs only in Namibia.
Cyphostemma kaniamae ( Mullend. ex Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma kapiriense ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma keilii ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma kibweziense Verdc.
Cyphostemma kilimandscharicum ( Gilg ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma kirkianum ( Planch. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma kiwakishiense ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma knittelii ( Gilg ) Desc.
Cyphostemma kundelunguense Malaisse
Cyphostemma labatii Desc.
Cyphostemma lageniflorum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma lanigerum ( Harv. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma laza Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma leandrii Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma ledermannii ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma lelyi ( Hutch. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma lentianum ( Volkens & Gilg ) Desc.
Cyphostemma letouzeyanum Desc.
Cyphostemma leucorufescens Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma leucotrichum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma libenii ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma loandense ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma lovemorei Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma luteum ( Exell & Mendonça ) Desc.
Cyphostemma lynesii ( Dewit ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma macrocarpa Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma manambovensis Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma mandrakense Desc.
Cyphostemma manikense ( De Wild. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma mannii ( Baker) Desc.
Cyphostemma Mappia ( Lam.) Galet
Cyphostemma maranguense ( Gilg ) Desc.
Cyphostemma marlothii ( Dinter & Gilg ) Desc.
Cyphostemma marojejyense Desc.
Cyphostemma marunguense ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma masukuense ( Baker) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma megabotrys ( Collett & Hemsl. ) BVShetty
Cyphostemma meyeri -locust ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Verdc.
Cyphostemma michelii ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma micradenium ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma microdipterum ( Baker) Desc:. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma migiurtinorum ( Chiov. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma mildbraedii ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma milleri Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma molle ( Steud. ex A.Rich. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma montagnacii Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma montanum Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma muhuluense ( Mildbr. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma nanellum ( Gilg & R.E.Fr. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma natalitium ( Szyszyl. ) JJMvan der Merwe
Cyphostemma nigroglandulosum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma obovato - oblongum ( De Wild. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma odontadenium ( Gilg ) Desc.
Cyphostemma oleraceum (bolus ) J.J.M.van der Merwe
Cyphostemma omburense ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma ornatum ( A.Chev. Hutch ex. & Dalziel ) Desc.
Cyphostemma ouakense Desc.
Cyphostemma overlaetii ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma oxyphyllum ( A.Rich. ) Vollesen
Cyphostemma pachyanthum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma pachypus Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma pannosum Vollesen
Cyphostemma passargei ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma paucidentatum ( Klotzsch ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma pendulum ( Welw. ex Baker ) Desc.
Cyphostemma perforatum (Louis ex Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma phyllomicron ( Chiov. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma pobeguinianum Desc.
Cyphostemma princeae ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc. ex Wild & RBDrumm. It occurs in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Cyphostemma pruriens ( Welw. ex Baker ) Desc.
Cyphostemma pseudoburgeri Verdc.
Cyphostemma pseudonjegerre ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma pseudorhodesiae ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma pseudosesquipedale Verdc.
Cyphostemma pseudoupembaense ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma puberulum ( C.A.Sm. ) Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma pumila Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma quinatum ( Dryand. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma rhodesiae ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma richardsiae Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma ringoetii ( De Wild. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma rivae ( Gilg ) Desc.
Cyphostemma robsonii Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma robynsii ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma roseiglandulosum Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma rotundistipulatum Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma rowlandii ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma ruacanense ( Exell & Mendonça ) Desc.
Cyphostemma rubroglandulosum Retief & B. E.van Wyk
Cyphostemma rubromarginatum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma rubrosetosum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma rupicola ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma rutilans Desc.
Cyphostemma sakalavensis Desc.
Cyphostemma sanctuarium - selousii Verdc.
Cyphostemma sarcospathulum ( Chiov. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma saxicola ( Gilg & R.E.Fr. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma schlechteri ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma schliebenii ( Mildbr. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma segmentatum ( CASm. ) JJMvan der Merwe
Cyphostemma seitzianum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma serjanioides ( Planch. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma sessilifolium ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma setosum ( Roxb. ) Alston
Cyphostemma shinyangense Verdc.
Cyphostemma simplicifolium A.Björnstad
Cyphostemma simulans ( C.A.Sm. ) Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma sokodense ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma spinosopilosum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma stefaninianum ( Chiov. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma stegosaurus Verdc.
Cyphostemma stenolobum ( Welw. ex Baker ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma stenopodum ( Gilg ) Desc.
Cyphostemma stipulaceum ( Baker) Desc.
Cyphostemma strigosum ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma subciliatum ( Baker) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma sulcatum ( CASm. ) JJMvan der Merwe
Cyphostemma taborense Verdc.
Cyphostemma tenuissimum ( Gilg & R.E.Fr. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma ternatomultifidum ( Chiov. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma ternatum ( Forssk. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma thomasii ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma tisserantii Desc.
Cyphostemma trachyphyllum ( Werderm. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma trilobata ( Lam.) M.R.Almeida
Cyphostemma tsaratananensis Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma ukerewense ( Gilg ) Desc.
Cyphostemma urophyllum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma uter ( Exell & Mendonça ) Desc.
Cyphostemma uwanda Verdc.
Cyphostemma vandenbergheae Malaisse & matamba
Cyphostemma vandenbrandeanum ( Dewit ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma vanderbenii ( Dewit ) Desc.
Cyphostemma vanmeelii ( Lawalrée ) Wild & RBDrumm.
Cyphostemma vezensis Desc. It occurs only in Madagascar.
Cyphostemma villosicaule Verdc.
Cyphostemma violaceoglandulosum ( Gilg ) Desc.
Cyphostemma viscosum ( Gilg & R.E.Fr. ) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma vogelii ( Hook.f. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma vollesenii Verdc.
Cyphostemma waterlotii ( A.Chev. ) Desc.
Cyphostemma wittei ( Staner ) Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma woodii ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma zanzibaricum Verdc.
Cyphostemma zechianum ( Gilg & M.Brandt ) Desc.
Cyphostemma zimmermannii Verdc.
Cyphostemma zombense ( Baker) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.

Endangering

Cyphostemma juttae and Cyphostemma bainesii are in the red list of endangered species in the IUCN as " least concern " = " not at risk " rating. The stocks of both species that occur only in Namibia are at risk from pick-up. Most occur in South Africa species are listed in the Red List of endangered plant species in South Africa.

Use

Few Cyphostemma types (example Cyphostemma juttae ) used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens as well as in rooms.

From Cyphostemma adenocaule leaves and fruits are eaten raw or cooked. Cyphostemma adenocaule is used in the distribution area in folk medicine.

Swell

H. Wild & Drummond RB: Cyphostemma - text the same online as printed work, In: Flora Zambesiaca, Volume 2 - Vitaceae, 1966.
Anna Trias Blasi, John AN Parnell & Trevor R. Hodkinson: Multi-generational region Phylogenetic Analysis of the Grape Family ( Vitaceae ), In: Systematic Botany, Volume 37, Issue 4, 2012, pp. 941-950. doi: 10.1600/036364412X656437

Umbel Ovary (botany) Berry Digital Object Identifier Agricultural Research Service

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