Electric vehicle network

Electric Mobility refers to the use of electric vehicles for the fulfillment of the different individual mobility needs. Electric mobility is considered as an essential factor of a cross-sectoral, comprehensive energy policy.

The concept of electric mobility is often used for programs to promote the use of electric vehicles. While the technical, vehicle-related aspects are considered in articles such as electric car, electric scooter, electric motorcycle and electric bike, particularly public funding, technology of charging systems and charging infrastructure will be discussed in this article.

• 5.1 Germany 5.1.1 Inventory of the electric car in Germany

• 5.5.1 Paris

Rolling stock

While the Toyota Prius is a hybrid electric automobile available in large numbers for many years, the model range for full hybrids extended as well as for pure electric cars and electric motorcycles slowly. Also electric light motor vehicles with significantly reduced performance characteristics are only produced in small batches and are priced accordingly.

The range of electric cars is contrary to the media coverage of the topic at present ( 2011), especially in Germany only slight. In the first half of 2011, approximately 5,000 new vehicles were registered in the whole of Europe, of which 1020 in Germany.

Especially the electric bikes have currently (2012 ) high growth rates. Also, various electrically powered mopeds like the Elmoto, electric scooters and electric motorcycles are already available.

In the registration statistics of the Federal Motor Vehicle Office only motor vehicles in accordance with EC regulations or the classification of road vehicles are taken into account in accordance with DIN 70010, so that, inter alia, light motor vehicles with reduced speed and three-wheel motor vehicles ( max. 45 km / h) as CityEL, Sam and the TWIKE ( max. 85 km / h) do not appear in the German registration statistics.

In the traditional e- Miglia rally to above the alpine pass, first place went to the Tesla Roadster in 2012. Two and three place went to the Mercedes Benz A -Class E- Cell and BMW Mini -E. The vehicles came to the 800 km crossing the Alps on an average consumption of about 100 kWh (equivalent to 10 gallons of gasoline equivalent) with a price of 20 euros for the current ( a gasoline engine would have about 120 euros of fuel consumed) .. The most energy-efficient vehicle was like in the previous year, the light electric vehicle TWIKE and received the energy efficiency Award.

Eligibility for funding

Subject of public debate is the ecological assessment of hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles, whose traction batteries are recharged with electricity from conventional energy sources. The significantly higher efficiency and the much simpler structure of the electric motor compared with the combustion engine lead to lower vehicle-related energy consumption and lower overall maintenance and operating costs. Even in the consideration of the source ( primary energy ) to the wheel ( Well-to- Wheel), the energy efficiency of the drive, partly because of the better part load behavior of electric vehicles is higher than that of vehicles with conventional internal combustion engine. The juxtapositions of drive concepts is important to note that usually only for the drive ( ie locomotion ) used energy is accounted for. The energy required for heating and safety and convenience systems (eg defrosting and wiping the windows, illuminating the road, driver assistance systems, air conditioning and sound system of the vehicle interior ) is often not considered. However, the energy required by these secondary consumers has an impact on energy efficiency and range of the vehicle.

Its full potential for climate change unfolds, the electric vehicle in the use of electricity from renewable energy sources.

Currently discussed financial incentives for the purchase of electric vehicles, such as market premiums, which are supposed to mitigate the in the early stages still relatively high acquisition costs and contributing to the rapid market penetration.

The federal government is working within the framework of the "National Development Plan for Electric Mobility" to to bring a million electric vehicles on German roads by 2020. The important for the German Automobile industry should play a key role in the current phase of the gradual transition from combustion to electric motor and thus future hold its strong position in the global economy and expand.

The current policy debate focuses largely on road vehicles. The Pro-Rail Alliance complained that the existing and technically advanced electric-powered transportation for rail transport in the discussion go unnoticed and the auto industry is being promoted side. This view is backed by the German Environmental Aid Association in May 2012 with concrete examples. Increasingly, criticism of the EU directives for fleet consumption of automobile manufacturers is uttered, the electric mobility is not as sustainable mobility and promotes alternative.

Potentials and problems

Compared to internal combustion engines based on traffic electromobility offers both from an economic and an environmental point of view advantages and potentials:

• Lower direct emissions of the vehicles (eg exhaust gases, noise)
• The reduction of CO2 emissions through the use of electricity from non-fossil and renewable energy sources, with the inclusion of gray energy for the production of the battery
• Security of energy supply through the use of various energy sources ( energy mix )
• Possible change in mobility behavior through new means of transport ( electric scooter, pedelec ).

One general enforcement are still a number of, mostly technical problems contrary. So far there lacks a sufficient, efficient and economic infrastructure for energy supply of electric vehicles, including powerful, safe and economical batteries.

Also, many consumers still have doubts about the reliability of electric cars. In particular, the limited battery life and the high purchase price unsettle potential buyers. So electric cars are often not considered when buying a car as a serious alternative. Using different projects try car companies and suppliers of electric charging stations, for example, public utilities, to take these fears. An example would be GPS logger will be installed in the conventional car and record the driving behavior in the period of several months. From the collected data can be read out then whether an electric car would worthwhile.

Infrastructure

Charging Systems

In principle, the most electric cars can be recharged from any power socket. However, since only a few standard household outlets are designed for long-lasting high currents, the vehicle manufacturer to go over, so-called "Wall Boxes" with selling the vehicle to install the client, so for example, when Zoe Renault or BMW in the i-series. There often is also the possibility already noted higher benefits, which shortens the loading time.

The network of publicly accessible charging stations for electric vehicles is not yet fully developed. Long load times of the batteries require careful way and scheduling for longer trips. For some years there originally in Switzerland resulting " Park & ​​Charge " system of public charging stations for solar and electric vehicles. The petrol stations are accessible via a uniform European keys and data per default after execution and hedging 3.5 kW or 10 kW. Similar created are load hold the three-phase network initiative.

Alternatively batteries could be used, which could be on the way quickly replaced at current service stations under a deposit system. However, this principle is more suitable for self-contained systems, such as for the vehicles of a particular fleet (local car- sharing providers (see below), commercial fleets, etc.), because here the number of different vehicle models is limited and can be compatible together to each other. A mass-scale application of the deposit system would require that all vehicles that are being conducted worldwide by the band in the automotive industry, are battery- technically compatible constructs each other ( size of the battery, format, vehicle location, design and arrangement of the high-voltage connections and the supply and return air ducts for temperature control, etc.). This makes the widespread use unlikely.

Rechargeable battery systems have been established only in rare cases, mostly for locally bound fleet vehicles. In Israel and Denmark, there are large projects for a network of charging stations and battery exchange stations, which should be built by the company Better Place, in collaboration with local partners. Batteries do not belong here by car drivers, but the battery exchange station. The driver paid as a service to exchange with a charged battery on the basis of a deposit system. The above difficulties led in May 2013 with the bankruptcy of Better Place.

Another long -term vision is a built into the road charging system. During the drive is transmitted contactless energy on a few kilometer section of the road, or parked by induction. Through the principal losses sustained by the distance from the vehicle to the road, the realization of a store while driving is unlikely.

Plug

For existing stations usually use the known types of connectors, so Schuko, Camping plug (CEE blue) and three-phase plug (CEE red). However, these are usually limited to current levels of 16/32 amps and provide a three-phase 11 kW and 22 kW. For a quick charge function, however, charging stations are designed in accordance with IEC 62196 for the charging of electric vehicles that use mostly special plug (about on forklifts ). Connector manufacturer, however, had Mennekes variant of the IEC produced for this purpose the " CEEplus " 60309 three-phase plug, which are plug-compatible ( with CEE red) and the IEC 62196 supplemented loading posts. On behalf of RWE and Daimler from a new charging connector was derived, which is standardized in the German standard VDE - AR-E 2623-2-2 and was enshrined in the international standard IEC 62196 Type 2. He has a total of seven contacts and provides a load capacity up to 43 kW. In addition, a locking mechanism has been developed which is intended to secure the load operation in addition. However, he does not have a lock, so that the plug does not click. This allows the locking mechanism does not work powerless, but must, in contrast to all other locking systems (eg doors, safes ), the two to verriegelenden elements in the worst case to bring together and must be designed oversized.

This VDE standard plug for charging stations has prevailed in Germany by the influence of RWE and Daimler in car manufacturers and network operators.

In America, however, SAE J1772 standard is held on, which was included in IEC 62196-2 as type 1. He has only five contacts, but provides despite higher current of 70 A due to the limitation on single-phase power only a maximum charge of 16.8 kW ( at 240 V). But he has a closure; the plug snaps and is thus a clear feedback to the user that the plug-in process was quite complete. The plug is thereby also easier to insert, because it need not be performed so close by the can.

In Japan, a special connector system for CHAdeMO fast charge systems with direct current and up to 62.5 kW was developed. Since this charging port electric cars available at many currently (2012 ) ( Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi i MiEV, ...) is present, this charging structure is increasingly expanded. Currently ( early 2014 ) exist in Europe about 250 CHAdeMO fast charging stations, especially in Germany, the UK and Switzerland.

There are also proprietary charging system Tesla motor a quick- charging system of up to 135 kW. The Tesla Supercharger is implemented in all countries where the Model S is sold.

Directories

For electromobility the spread of charging points is important because there is still no widely available network, have directories and maps emerged that describe the position of charging stations and their charging arrangements.

The LEMnet internet database is operated eV since 2013 LEMnet Europe. The database lists charging stations by all operators. In February 2014, the database contained 5300 active sites in Europe, with most stations are located in Switzerland and Germany. The more than 640 charging points ( February 2014 ) of the RWE Mobility network, which for the most part also allow charging with 32 A / 400 V three-phase are listed. The LEMnet provides their data for personal use also as a download for navigation devices as well as Android app.

The three-phase system (320 sites in February 2014) is an initiative of private individuals, which promotes private 400 -V three-phase charging points and therefore allows for faster charge than with 230 V household current.

With focus in the U.S. EV Charger Maps website lists the messages of electric car drivers over public power access points which are coordinated by EV Charger News.

With a specialty in Spain Alargador.org offers an editable map with charging points, which is open to entries worldwide. All data are also available for free download in formats for GPS navigation and electronic maps.

Battery Technology

One of the biggest challenges in electric mobility include the development of more efficient batteries. Today's batteries, usually lithium - ion batteries, the liquid fuels for conventional internal combustion engines are inferior to both the energy density as well as in economic terms yet. Based on its own weight, the batteries deliver too little energy to tackle major routes. For the drive of an average conventional car reaches a distance of 500 kilometers from an energy storage ( diesel fuel ) with a volume of 37 liters and a weight of 33 kg. A comparable electric vehicle would need a battery with a capacity of 360 liters and 540 kg for the same coverage.

Also electric vehicles are still much more expensive in relation to vehicles with conventional drive by the high prices of the batteries and the small numbers. (2012 ) Cell blocks for traction batteries as lithium iron phosphate battery from 260 € / kWh are currently available for the end user. Even more powerful battery technologies are in development or launch, but are still significantly more expensive. An average vehicle needs for a range of 150 km, a battery capacity of approximately 20 kWh, making the battery system would alone without a vehicle and battery management system cost from € 5,200 (or, if the above storage of 85 kWh, ( vgl.Elektroauto # energy storage ) € 22,100 ). Although also savings over the conventional drive result from the elimination of the internal combustion engine, gearbox, clutch and exhaust system (about the same cost as electric motor and power electronics ) and by lower energy costs during the life of the vehicle. However, it remains at present ( 2012) is usually a cost burden for the user ( operating costs and extrapolated for the year cost to consumers), the first in the next few years will be lower due to higher volumes in the opinion of the industry.

Are therefore important research investment in battery technology. For this purpose, the Federal Government in the period 2009-2013 around € 1.5 billion to (500 million in the Economic Stimulus Package II ( to 2011) and another billion for the years up to 2013). The German industry invests in the same period across all industries up to 17 billion euros, of which the automotive industry 10 to 12 billion in China and the U.S. Public authorities fund with € 3.85 billion (China, 2006-2016 ), and 22 billion € ( USA, 2010-2017 ).

Initiatives and programs

Germany

Between 1992 and 1996, then the world's largest test for testing of electric vehicles was held with 60 cars on Rügen.

In Germany, the federal government has created a National Development Plan for Electric Mobility, whose goal is to link climate change with industrial policy, ie Germany to become the leading market for electric mobility and to bring by 2020 one million electric vehicles on the roads.

Despite numerous policy initiatives, in 2012 the promotional strategy in Germany is criticized as " already in the approach to be wrong and counterproductive". In several examples, it is shown that especially large companies receive funding for questionable prestige developments, while the innovative medium-sized industry and the end user is not encouraged.

As the central point for electric mobility in early 2010 a joint office of the Federal government ( GGEMO ) was established. The established in May 2010 by German Chancellor Angela Merkel National Platform for Electric Mobility ( NPE) with representatives of the participating sectors of the economy, research disciplines and ministries should develop more concrete proposals for achieving the objectives of the National Development Plan. The NPE has published an interim report on November 30, 2010.

The foundation for the promotion of electric mobility in Germany was in the Integrated Energy and Climate Programme ( IEKP) of the Federal Government established by 2007. Concrete measures were first discussed in the context of the National Strategy Conference on Electromobility the end of 2008 in Germany. First programs were brought to the beginning of 2009 on the road as part of the economic stimulus package. Previously had 2015 an industry consortium committed within the framework of the Innovation Alliance LIB to invest 360 million euros for research and development of lithium -ion batteries in the next few years.

As part of the economic stimulus package were of the Federal Ministries of Economics and Technology ( BMWi), for Transport, Building and Urban Development ( BMVBS), for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety ( BMU), for Education and Research ( BMBF) and for Food, Agriculture and consumer Protection ( BMELV) funding in the amount of EUR 500 million for projects in 15 topic areas advertised. Projects are coordinated by the respective promoters of the ministries, for example, by VDI / VDE - IT as promoters electric mobility of the BMU and the German Center for Aerospace as promoters electric mobility of the BMBF.

The 15 topics are:

• MeRegioMobil
• EE - Tour Allgäu
• Future Fleet
• E-mobility
• GridSurfer
• Harz.EE -mobility
• Smart Wheels

• Hamburg
• Bremen / Oldenburg
• Rhein-Ruhr ( with centers Aachen and Münster)
• Rhein-Main/Nordhessen
• Saxony ( with emphasis Dresden and Leipzig)
• Stuttgart
• Munich
• Berlin -Potsdam (see also: BeMobility )

In September 2009, Federal Research Minister Annette Schavan opened the forum electromobility as part of the System Research for Electromobility the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. The Forum will focus the research of the 33 participating Fraunhofer Institute in cooperation with industrial partners. The hub of the Fraunhofer System Research to Darmstadt. The promotion of the project is carried out until 2011 by 30 million euros from the economic stimulus package II This represents the first implementation step of the National Development Plan for Electric Mobility dar.

The eNOVA Strategy Group electromobility, a consortium of major German companies in the key automotive, batteries, semiconductor components, electrical machinery and materials for lightweight construction has presented a roadmap in February 2011, calling the focus of research and development for the entire system electric vehicle and its interfaces to the power grid and classifies in the context of the anticipated technology developments.

The technical standards for electric mobility are summarized in the working groups of the DKE / VDE, which covers the overview of standardization and standardization in electromobility wide ranges of vehicle technology via charging stations to Smart Grids.

A study in 2010 calculated the cost of the launch of one million electric vehicles, as sought by the Federal Government. By 2020, therefore, fall at additional cost 0.8 to 2.7 billion euros - depending on the future development of oil prices and battery costs, the research network energy pulse OWL. According to the researchers, different vehicle types are necessary in the future to meet the mobility needs - from light vehicle on the family car, to the electric bus. Between the categories of vehicles, the additional costs vary significantly. According to the study to decide the battery and energy costs on the development of so-called differential costs between electric cars and internal combustion engine vehicles. The stronger decrease the battery cost and faster at the same time rising prices for crude oil, the less fall out the extra cost of electric vehicles. Decreases the battery price 2020 to 300 euros per kilowatt hour of storage capacity and the oil rises at the same time listing to 200 U.S. dollars per barrel of crude oil, all electric vehicles pay. The cost of the battery itself with rising electricity prices offset by savings at the pump. In this most optimistic scenario, the additional costs of the first million electric vehicles limited to 0.8 billion euros. If the e- vehicle fleet operated with electricity from renewable sources, the researchers less greenhouse gases expected at 2.1 million tonnes in 2020.

On 16 May 2011 the National Platform for Electric Mobility has released its second interim report, following the federal government two days later, released electromobility on 18 May 2011, a national government program. A significant market growth is not yet in evidence despite the political declaration of intent. Therefore, environmental policy makers call for the creation of sales incentives for zero - emission cars, privileged parking and opening of bus lanes to promote the market introduction of electric drives.

Environmental organizations such as the BUND criticize that electric vehicles only are ecologically meaningful if the power for it comes from renewable energy sources and they are part of an overall strategy in which even public transport and traffic reduction are provided.

In a further development program with the name of future hinges, supports the federal government from 2013 to 2015 four electric mobility major projects with the name Living Lab BW e- mobile (Baden- Württemberg ), International Showcase of electric vehicles (Berlin / Brandenburg), Our horsepower electrically (Lower Saxony ), electric mobility connects ( Bavaria / Saxony) with a total of 180 million euros.

Existence of the electric car in Germany

Austria

In Austria in 2009, three programs were begun to energy research, automotive development and market preparation. Every year, the Ministry of Environment and for Transport, Innovation and Technology ( BMVIT) will provide € 150 million in funding. The focus is on electric mobility R & D projects and prototypes. Under the program, the Climate and Energy Fund to promote two other research projects "Technological Lighthouses of Electric Mobility" was decided in 2010. Also launched in 2009 model regions " VLOTTE " in Vorarlberg and "Electro Drive" in Salzburg to continue. 2009, the initiative was established e -connected for electric mobility and sustainable energy supply. The initiative is intended to all potential market participants to provide information and facilitate exchange of experience. In addition to the website www.e- connected.at information is presented for electric mobility. Several expert groups working on solutions for the introduction of electric mobility. In addition to the established by national funding model regions an initiative name " life Kärnten" has formed in Carinthia. The driving force in this initiative is the Regional Government of Carinthia. "Life Kärnten" it creates since autumn 2008 step by step to prepare the market for the emerging electric mobility. First measurable successes were more than 14 % market share in moped registrations for electric powered scooters in 2009. 2010, the total turnover in the trade in the electromobility sector alone has risen to well over € 2 million in Carinthia. It was a site is trying to set up the to prepare all relevant information for the end user. In 2010, 60 million euros are the part of the BMVIT additionally provided in funding, two thirds of them flow into new technologies, with a focus on e- mobility, hybrid technology, materials science and battery technology.

Switzerland

Electric mobility in Switzerland propagated since 1994, when the largest European model region was established in the town of Mendrisio. From 1994 to 2001 there over 400 electric vehicles were introduced in the market, two thirds of them for private use.

Can not be compared with a number of places where vehicles with internal combustion engines are not permitted and are often referred to as car-free. These include the Swiss places Braunwald, Gimmelwald, Mürren, low Rickenbach, Riederalp, Saas -Fee, Stoos, BE Wengen and Zermatt. Also overnight guests who are arriving by car should leave the car in front of the places. Sparx electric vehicles as well as tractors and machines with internal combustion engines as well as other exceptions (doctor, fire department, trash collection, etc. ), but no motorized individual.

In Switzerland, a private automotive industry, which is why the public sector, especially the federal government, a significant restraint in matters of subsidizing or promoting Elektromobilitätübt exerts missing. 2010 started with the project " Alpmobil " another practical project in which holidaymakers on a daily basis for 70 francs rent an electric car and were able to explore the region electrically. Users had their first experiences with electric mobility, providers collected information about possible obstacles and difficulties. That as a result 80% of customers were satisfied with the offer shows that the acceptance of electric cars high and despite some glitches, the quality of the test car, here it was the small car think, even in a mountainous region is sufficient.

In order to increase this acceptance continues, a number of associations and interest groups for electromobility now involved. With the " Swiss Electric Mobility Forum " by the Federal Roads Office ( ASTRA ) and the Touring Club Switzerland in 2011 created a new center of excellence for electric mobility. Goal of the center is to provide all actors and stakeholders with practical recommendations on entry into the market for electric mobility. A special highlight is organizing the "Swiss Electric Mobility Forum » since 2010 its annual congress. From the first edition of the congress the "Charter of Lucerne " showed a letter of intent of all actors committed to the development of electric mobility. The following year, the "Charter " resulted in the "Challenge of Lucerne ". This obliges signatories to present their goals and achievements for the years ahead. For example, to be operated electrically by the year 2020, all two- and three-wheeled vehicles and a large part of the delivery vehicles of Swiss Post. 2012 was presented at the 3rd Congress of the " Swiss Road Map", which is supported by 30 companies. The focus of this Road Map are the necessary urgent measures of public and private actors for an accelerated market introduction of socket -capable electric vehicles in Switzerland.

In the fall of 2012, the Association of Swiss eMobility was founded. The Swiss Road Map electric mobility serves as a substantive basis for work. With the Evite project at the same time the privately financed construction of a nationwide, Switzerland -wide fast charging network for electric vehicles has begun.

The Ville report - "Electric mobility on site" examines the current state ( August 2013 ) of the local electrification strategies in Switzerland and presents useful tips and recommendations for municipalities, utilities and other local actors with many practical examples.

European Union

The European Commission attaches in electromobility as part of the Green Cars Initiative of the European Economic Recovery Plan meaning. By 2013, together with the industry to a billion euros for research and development of this topic is provided. It was an ad hoc advisory panel created, consisting of representatives of the Directorates General involved the European Commission and the European Technology Platforms European Road Transport Research Advisory Council ( ERTRAC ), European Technology Platform on Smart Systems Integration ( EpoSS ) and smart grids. These and the interest groups of automotive manufacturers and suppliers ( EUCAR ) and the European Association of Automotive Suppliers ( CLEPA ) have submitted proposals for the design of the Green Cars Initiative, organized together with the European Commission expert workshop, for example on the batteries or system Integration and E / e architecture of the electric vehicle, and have created a roadmap of the European industry. The aim is an integration of the promotion activities in Germany and Europe.

In the first round of the European Green Cars Initiative, for on 14 January 2010 ( for the ICT work program on November 3, 2009) was deadline, the focus in the field of memory cells and the development of components and ancillary equipment and their integration into the vehicle. The first project, funded this round, a Coordination Action to the Information and Communication Technologies for the Full Electric Vehicle ( ICT4FEV ) launched on May 1.

The tenders for the second round, with deadline in late 2010, were published in July 2010.

France

The French government has published on 9 February 2009 " Pacte Automobile", in which she fleshes out its aims and objectives in the development of electric mobility. Besides establishing a working group to develop the infrastructure, the paper contains concrete figures on the proposed funding. It should be provided in loans for the development of "green products " € 250 million, € 50 million also immediately paid into the "fonds démonstratuer ", which by 2012 a total of € 400 million for the development of prototypes and demonstration models of intended to provide electric cars. A first call of the fund has already been completed, here 11 projects were supported with a total of € 57 million. The application to a second call ended in June 2009. Additionally, the French government is supporting the purchase of electric cars with a bonus of € 5000 buying a new car with less than 60 g / km CO2 emissions. As target by 2012, the number of 100,000 electric cars is set to French roads. On 1 October 2009, the Ministry of Sustainable Development, presented a national plan for the development of "clean" cars. This includes a budget of € 1.5 billion, which is to be invested by the state in 2020 in 14 projects. Along with the participation of automotive manufacturers and suppliers investments amounting to € 4.75 billion will be sought in 2020. In addition to the previously announced plans, such as the State's participation in the construction of a battery factory near Paris by Renault, new targets have been set and existing concrete. One focus is on the development of a standard for charging systems and the increase of the charging infrastructure, with only 10% of charging options are to be found in public places, the remaining 90% should be located at home and at work. For their development further tenders were announced in the near future. In addition, the acquisition of 100,000 electric vehicles by state and private companies in 2015 was decided. The target of the plan, the French government sees the figure of 2 million electric cars on French roads in 2020.

Paris

The city of Paris launched in the first week of December 2011, a public lending system for electric cars. Initially, 250 vehicles were ready in the summer of 2012 it should be 3000 cars.

Great Britain

In the UK, supported " Low Carbon Vehicles Innovation Platform " of the Technology Strategy Board research, development and demonstration projects for electric mobility. Meanwhile, several calls, such as the end of February 2009 was issued for cost- effective and powerful hybrid - electric vehicles in the amount of 10 million ₤.

Italy

In early 2009, EUR 180 million provided in 2015 project under the Industria Ministry of Economic Affairs of Italy. Here is mobility in general, but especially the electric car will be promoted.

Portugal

In Portugal, the focus of the promotion of electric mobility in building a nationwide charging infrastructure. To this end, the project MOBI.E was launched in 2010, to facilitate through a market-based and usage- related open-access approach private investors the establishment of publicly accessible charging terminals. The connections from different providers can be used by a universal smart card which can acquire the retail customer. By mid- 2011, around 1,300 charging stations and 50 fast charging stations should be built.

Spain

In Spain, the pilot project is to Movele the Institute for Energy Diversification and storage ( IDEA) and the Spanish Economic and Tourism Ministry demonstrate the technical, economic and energy technical feasibility of electric cars. By 2014, to be found on the streets here a million electric cars. 2009/2010 will be € 10 million provided for the introduction of electric cars in 2000 and 500 public charging stations.

Sweden

The Swedish Ministry of Transport has launched together with the Energy Agency and Vinnova the Joint Vehicle Research Programme in the form of a Private Public Partnership (PPP ) to life. From 2009 to 2013 € 90 million per year to be invested for the development of future-oriented technologies in the areas of safety, environment and traffic flow here.

USA

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE ) is part of the " American Recovery and Reinvestment Act " ( ARRA ) U.S. $ 2.4 billion to support the development of electric vehicles available, including U.S. $ 1.5 billion for research and development in the field of rechargeable batteries. Thus, the milestones of a five-year development plan are to be achieved, which aims at doubling the energy density, triple the service life and cost reduction of 30% for batteries and after 2015 one million plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles are driving on America's roads. In early August, 2009, the DOE a list of 48 projects known to be supported with these funds.

Japan

The Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry ( METI) has created a roadmap for vehicle batteries, which aims to triple the energy density and cost reduction to 20 % of current levels within the next ten years. This will be achieved through close cooperation between industry, government and universities. The implementation of the research objectives battery Japan's " New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization" plays ( NEDO ) play a key role. NEDO conducts inter alia, the scale for the period 2007 to 2011 project "Development of high performance Battery System for Next - generation Vehicles" (Li- EAD) and has started in spring 2009 with 22 partners from industry and research a program whose aim is for electric vehicles to increase the energy density of Li -ion batteries to five times the currently achievable object. To this end, a joint research center was established at Kyoto University.

China

The FAZ reported in February 2014 on the state of electric mobility in China. The government plans expressed some years ago are not nearly reached. According to the plan should be on the largest new car market in the world in 2015 half a million cars with electric or hybrid drives on the road; 2020 million were provided. Indeed, but such cars are similarly difficult to sell in the rest of the world in the PRC. 2013 were in China under 18,000 such cars sold; In 2012 there were under 14,000 (less than 0.07 percent of total sales ).

The central government has twelve new producing regions established to support the sales of the new drive technology. These include the three smog -infested cities of Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin in northeast China. A total of 40 urban centers now receive special subsidies.