Farm

Under a farm is defined as a family farm in which the members of the owner family run mainly practical activities, or the holding by residential and commercial buildings this operation.

The number of farms in Germany is declining. During 2007 there were a total of 321,600 farms, it was 2011, only 300,700 farms. The per farm cultivated area increased from 52 to 56 hectares. More than half of the German agricultural area farmed by large farms of more than 100 hectares in industrial agriculture.

• 2.1 fewer, larger, more practical operations
• 2.2 Resthof
• 2.3 specialization
• 2.4 diversification

• 3.1 Traditional Hofformen 3.1.1 Eindachhof
• 3.1.2 Mehrseithöfe
• 3.1.3 Haufenhof
• 3.1.4 Deviations from the scheme
• 3.1.5 List of regional building and Hofformen

Terms

Mountain Farm

Mountain farmers are farmers in high mountain regions such as the Alps or high mountain ranges such as the Black Forest. The adaptation to the always difficult indeed, but different regional conditions, in specialization, eg cattle, but also in extensive landscaping ( terraced fields ) exist. Typical of livestock in the high mountains, the pastures, but are in contrast to farms cultivated and inhabited only for part of the year. Examples of a year-round working farm are the 1306 documentary called Tisenhof and Finailhof in South Tyrol.

Farm

In its English origin language, the word farm means any farm. In Germany, only individual animal farms are referred to as farm that hold no grazing animals and differ significantly from classical ideas of a farm. Market-oriented companies outside Europe are also in German called mainly farm, regardless of size and ownership. Farms with extensive cattle breeding are referred to in many Anglo-Saxon countries as ranches, the way they do business as ranching.

Plantation

Plantations are establishments which breed lasting plants and harvest. The term is also used for large fruit farms in Germany.

Demarcation: Grange

As manor sometimes large farms are referred to frequently but establishments in which the practical work is carried out mainly by agricultural workers, while a landlord or manager is mainly active as an entrepreneur. The owner can come from the rural upper class ( manor ) or townspeople to be. Many goods also include larger companies, institutions or the state. Or are cooperatives, such as in East Germany as the successor companies of the LPG.

Demarcation: agricultural factory

In contrast to peasant agriculture farms in industrial agriculture are often - partly polemical - referred to as factory farming. The term is usually negative connotations and includes criticism of not species-appropriate livestock farming and the management of large areas with monocultures. In particular, the size of the animal stalls around in pig or poultry production is assessed by an increasing number of people are critical.

Development

Fewer, larger, more practical operations

In areas with compact villages spatial confinement of farm buildings and village roads often difficult modern agriculture. The few remaining full-time farms draw therefore not rare in relocated farms around.

Resthof

Structurally preserved farms that are not farm more and of which no lands or pastures are more, are called Farmstead.

Specialization

While the farmers of earlier times worked mainly for self-sufficiency and also clothing and other commodities even possible manufactured so -called subsistence agriculture, has occurred with the market orientation and a specialization. Early forms of specialization were particularly for geographical reasons, as in viticulture and in the dairy industry ( dairy ). Extreme forms are the poultry farm that manages no more open spaces, and the horse farm, a sports venue without food production.

Diversification

The need for environmentally friendly organically produced foods, however, affects the specialization trend against something, because for biodynamic production means using waste from livestock for plant production and vice versa. Farms with several production sectors are also particularly attractive for another source of income, tourism. If you want to make " Farmhouse ", probably looking for more of a setting that corresponds to his idealized image of agriculture.

Building

The main building is the farmhouse. Farmhouses are a compromise of various requirements of a building. In addition to living quarters, which must often extend for more than two generations, the house is used as animal husbandry ( stable ), storage or used as a shelter for agricultural equipment. In addition, includes the Court depending on the design more residential and farm houses, stables, storage barns, sheds, gardens, fountains, storage spaces like the beet clamp and others. For storage or intermediate storage of feed and the like increasingly silos are used. More recently, biogas plants are installed in livestock farms increasingly.

Traditional Hofformen

The classification of farms according to their layout distinguishes the Eindachhof also Einhof, the Paarhof of two parallel erected buildings, the Zweiseithof or Hakenhof, the Dreiseithof and the four-sided (also quadrangle ). Traditional farmstead layout does not necessarily mean that all buildings must be ancient. Until well into the twentieth century, it was based also in new buildings mainly in the traditional architectural style, and not infrequently in the usual spatial arrangement.

Eindachhof

The Eindachhof (often Einfirsthof ) essentially consists of a building with a continuous ridge line, the Einhaus. Design and layout can be very different:

• The Low German hall house originally went over smoothly into each other a longitudinal division, share in the two rows of wooden stand the floor plan into three aisles and a residential and commercial area.
• In transversely divided Einhäusern these two range from the beginning are strictly separated. The industry can also be divided differently: When Mitt Bankrupts house the antenna is located between the living quarters and stables, the Mitterstall house, however, the stall immediately adjoins the living area, the antenna is located behind the barn. In steep terrain, finally, the dish is often above the stable. When stilted house the living quarters above the barn. Due to the wide spread across shared Einhäuser (eg French west coast, southern Germany, Danube countries), there are very similar structures with very different architectural style, and vice versa, various structures, with the same style. A systematic classification would therefore be complicated.
• While almost always are on the ground several functions at Einhäusern north of the Alps, it is found in the Mediterranean spread three-storey Einhäuser with predominantly vertical structure, down barn and wagon shed, about the living spaces, about the memory. In this three-storey single farms is to be taken literally, as a rule. In spatial confinement in villages with closed development, it can also be five storeys by Mehrgeschossigkeit of housing and storage.
• In areas where the Mehrseithof are to find traditional, such as in the Odenwald, in the Vogelsberg, the Einhaus forms the shape of a homestead farm micro enterprise, such as the listed Einhaus in Hesselbach.

Mehrseithöfe

The Zweiseithof consists of two perpendicular ( Hakenhof ) or opposite to each other arranged buildings. Zweiseithöfe there in various parts of Europe. Often there are small farms. A house plus a commercial building almost always results in a Zweiseithof without this always corresponds to the regional tradition. With a larger number of clustered around a rectangular courtyard building a Dreiseithof or a four-sided result. Mehrseithöfe but do not rule out that, for example, home and barn under one roof are ( Wohnstallhaus house).

In local building layers of adjacent farms are not always strictly separated. So there is in the Upper Valais traditional barns that have two separate entrances and under the ridge a partition. Each barn half is being used by another farmer. In some villages of Lower Saxony (actually Einhaus area) a barn area in the 18th century of fire protection grounds on the outskirts created in which each farmer had a barn.

Haufenhof

Are the various farm buildings arranged irregularly, one speaks of a Haufenhof. This is regarded as the most original farmstead layout. An extreme form of Haufenhofs is the Musha ( the description in Shona, the local language of Zimbabwe) some Bantu peoples, even here is the living room on different buildings, separate huts as sleeping rooms of different generations and the kitchen hut.

Deviations from the schema

For special purposes you also favored at Eindachhöfen outbuildings ( eg piggery ). By necessity as by wealth still showed stronger transitions. Engadine farmhouses built themselves for war with Austria in succession a house, barn and stable, and combined these buildings only after years of masonry joints and a new, common roof. Polish farmers built themselves after the devastation of World War II first outhouses, a temporary kitchen, later a spacious living house on the road side of the court. Wealthy farmers in Einhaus areas built extra barns and since the 19th century tool shed.

List of regional building and Hofformen

• Hall House ( popularly: Lower House) ( north of the highlands from the Netherlands to East Prussia )
• Geesthardenhaus and Uthlandfriesisches House ( Jutland Schleswig )
• Gulfhaus or Haubarg (Friesland)
• Dartmoor Longhouse and other British longhouse types
• Ernhaus ( Southern, Central Switzerland )
• Black Forest house (Black Forest)
• Oberschwäbischer farm, mainly occurring in Upper Swabia Court Form Service
• Lorraine farm, in Rhineland -Palatinate spoken by the Trier Einhaus ( parts of the Eifel and the Hunsrück region, spoke about border also Wallonia, Luxembourg and the East of France )
• Südwestdeutsches Einhaus
• Maison Champenoise (similar to the Lorraine type, but half-timbered and fairly flat roof )
• Streckhof
• Zwerchhof
• Called Mitt Bankrupts house, even alpine bairisches Einhaus (Upper Bavaria, Land Salzburg)
• Mitterstall house, another Alpine Type
• Styrian Haufenhof ( parts of Styria (A))

• Chalet esp. Swiss Alps
• Three-storey Einhaus of the Mediterranean type ( both large farmstead and then similarly narrow townhouses, wall to wall in closed villages )
• Maison Landaise
• Dreiseithöfe in medieval tradition
• Dreiseithöfe of the 19th century, built by newly independent farmers after land reforms
• Altenburger Vierseithof
• Four-sided ( Austria, Southern Germany, Saxony )
• Farm house in Upper and Lower Austria
• Engadine house in the Swiss Engadine, in Tyrol's Upper Inn Valley, the Vinschgau South Tyrol.
• Bressehaus ( ferme bressane ) in the French Bresse ( Saône -et- Loire)

Gallery of traditional Hofformen different regions

Low German hall house ( Eindachhof ) in Vechta ( Nds. )

Eindachhof in Normandy

Lorraine Farmhouse ( Eindachhof ) in southern Belgium

Dreiseithof in Saxony

Dreiseithof in light, Mecklenburg -Vorpommern

Waldviertel Dreiseithof / Austrian Open Air Museum

Hungarian village of terraced courtyards

Eindachhöfe in Hagenwil, Thurgau, Switzerland

Three barns and a chalet in Gluringen, Valais, Switzerland

Street frontage of a Mehrseithofes in Champagne, France

Farm in the Ile de France

Farm in the Trenta (upper Soča ) in Slovenia

Eindachhof four-storey Torre Baja in Teruel, Spain

Four-sided, Sierra Morena (Spain )

Farm in the province of Herat ( Afghanistan)

Shona farms in Zimbabwe

Dreiseithof indigenous farmers in the Colca Valley, Peru