Hortus Cliffortianus
Hortus Cliffortianus is the title of a work by Carl Linnaeus, in which he cataloged the plants of the herbarium and the garden of George Clifford in Hartekamp.
- 2.1 Literature
- 2.2 Notes and references
Work
The first and only edition was published in 1738 under the full title Plantas exhibens quas in Hortis vivis quam siccis, Hartecampi in Hollandia coluit vir nobilissimus et generosissimus Georgius Clifford juris doctor utriusque reductis varietatibus as species, specibus as genera, generibus as classes, adiectis locis plantarum natalibus differentiisque specierum in Amsterdam.
Genesis
George Clifford learned Carl Linnaeus in the house of Johannes Burman know. Together with Burmann Linnaeus visited on August 13, 1735 in Clifford Hartekamp. Clifford was very impressed with the young Linnaeus. He wanted to hire him as his personal physician and entrust the care and cataloging his extensive collection. Burman had initially objected. He discovered then but in Cliff local well-equipped library with a copy of it still missing Hans Sloane's Natural History of Jamaica, which left him Clifford. So Linnaeus began his work on Hartekamp finally on 24 September 1735.
A short time later came Georg Dionysius Ehret walk from Leiden coming, with a letter of Margrave Karl III. Provided Wilhelm of Baden -Durlach, on Hartekamp. Ehret presented in the presence of some of his recent Linnaeus in England newly discovered plants ( for example Collinsonia, Turnera ) -built drawings. Clifford she bought him out of hand and employed Ehret for more than a month as a draftsman.
Linnaeus described Ehret during this time his new classification system for plants, whereupon Ehret, initially did for his private use, a drawing with the distinctive features of the 24 classes.
Content
Growing in the garden of Clifford plants had already been described in Viridarium Cliffortianum Linnaeus. In Hortus Cliffortianus he was also associated with the extensive herbarium collections with a Clifford. He described a total of 2536 species, of which 1251 were from the garden of Clifford.
Linnaeus placed the species in accordance with the conditions laid down in a genera plantarum genera, which are in turn assigned to the established by him in Systema Naturae classes and orders. For his handling of varieties and plant names, he referred to his work Critica Botanica. For species he listed all the synonyms that he could find in the literature accessible to him. He also made information on the origin of species. For European plants he consulted, among others, for example, Caspar Bauhins Pinax.
In the dedication of the Hortus Cliffortianus Linnaeus was one of the most important in his view, a promoter of botany at: Karl Wilhelm of Baden- Durlach, Jean -Baptiste Gaston de Bourbon, Giuseppe del Bosco, Jacob de la Gardie, Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede dead Draakenstein, Georg Eberhard Hull, William Sherard, Gian Francesco Morosini, Caspar Bose (1672-1730), Simon van Beaumont, Cardinal Farnese ODOARDO (1573-1626) and Johann Konrad von Gemmingen. He honored in this way at the same time his host, who had Verbeten a direct appropriation.
In concluding his Lectori Botanico he thanked Herman Boerhaave, Adriaan van Royen, Johann Georg Siegesbeck, Albrecht von Haller, John Burman, Roell Jan Frederik Gronovius and Philip Miller for sending of plants and seeds, the diversity of the garden of Clifford only enabled.
Composition of Clifford's library he meticulously listed in the section Bibliotheca Botanica Cliffortiana and proceeded doing the same principles, which he had used in his work, Bibliotheca Botanica.
Hortus Cliffortianus has no table of contents in the real sense. For better orientation, the division of the work is shown below:
Structure
- Dedicatio
- Lectori Botanico
- Bibliotheca Botanica Cliffortiano
- Genera Foliorum (3 classes)
- Methodus Plantarum in Horto Cliffortiano
- Main part ( with the genera of Canna to Cellipora )
- Vaga Vaga Palmae
- Vaga Tournefortianea
- Vaga Plumerianea
- Vaga Miscellanea
- Vaga indefinites
- Appendix Generum
- Appendix specierum
Frontispiece
Designed by Jan Wandelaar frontispiece shows the importance of Linnaeus for contemporary botany in the form of an allegory.
In the middle of the table is the winning Cybele, seated on a lion. In her hand she holds a pair of keys at her feet is a pot with a Cliffortia and in front of her is of the garden of Hartekamp plan. One of the angels is holding a thermometer with the reverse Linnaeus scale in his hand. From the left side of Cybele are newly discovered plants served, an aloe from Africa, coffee from Asia and a Hernandia from America. On the right side is a banana plant that Linnaeus brought here for the first time to flower and fruit, pictured. A young Apollo, Linnaeus has features, enters the scene and brings light into the darkness.
Feast
In Hortus Cliffortianus are a total of 36 panels with plants figures included. All panels were executed by the engraver January Wandelaar. Most of the drawings originated by Georg Dionysius Ehret.