Hybrid grape

As a hybrid vine (also yield hybrids ) refers to the offspring of two different grapevine species, in contrast to cross between two varieties of the same species. In common usage, the terms direct support, self- support, yield hybrids and hybrids are often used interchangeably. Hybrid vines were grown in the second half of the 20th century, are termed " Interspecific hybrids ".

Can hybrid vines in natural form by chance or by deliberate crossing intersection arise. Due to the high number of American vine species are found in the Americas such natural hybrid vines. The majority of known hybrid vines, however, was artificially created. Breeding of hybrid vines was especially in the second half of the 19th century, of very great importance, as they tried to combine the good taste properties of Vitis vinifera grape varieties with resistance cultivation. Phylloxera destroyed (since 1863), almost all European wine-growing areas.

The goal was to good resistance of American vines against phylloxera, downy mildew and powdery mildew with the good quality of wine and Kalkverträglichkeit of European vines to combine. These objectives have been achieved or only insufficiently. The higher the proportion of the genome of the European variety in the species combination, the lower their resistance.

Origin

Hybrid vines have originated in North America. There is a greater number of vine varieties exist, which have evolved through thousands of years. In Europe, only Vitis vinifera has developed. It was taken very early in culture from the people who are American Vitis species only after the European conquest of the Americas.

American hybrid vines

With the European colonization of the Americas and the cultivation of the vine began. The settlers have found a large number of domestic varieties. With the wine obtained from grapes you were not satisfied and began to cross the vine varieties. For example, mid-19th century originated in the eastern U.S., the Clinton variety, a cross between Vitis labrusca x Vitis riparia. The majority of hybrids included Vitis labrusca. All intersections not yielded the desired improvement in wine quality. The Foxton and a higher acid content were ubiquitous in these hybrid wines.

• Vitis labrusca - including the varieties Isabella, Concord and many others.
• Vitis aestivalis
• Vitis rupestris
• Vitis cinerea
• Vitis berlandieri
• Vitis riparia

• Vitis vinifera - including the varieties Riesling, Chardonnay, Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir, Merlot, Gamay and many others.

Occurrence of phylloxera in Europe

Until the appearance of phylloxera vines were on their own roots, they were not refined. They could easily be propagated by cuttings or by burying.

They tried to counteract different kind of phylloxera. First American hybrids were planted, as a result, the somewhat improved hybrids Vitis vinifera. Only the combination of resistant rootstocks with European noble varieties brought success. These control options using sufficiently resistant varieties or the combination by finishing what we today call biotechnical control measure.

American hybrid varieties - direct support

Since the roots of European grape varieties were attacked and damaged by phylloxera, were planted in many European wine countries varieties of American origin. American varieties are direct producer and therefore stand on their own roots. These varieties had the additional advantage that they had against downy mildew and powdery mildew higher resistance than the European varieties. In the second half of the 19th century, these fungal diseases were introduced from America. So it was not surprising that the winemakers showed great interest in these good qualities.

The best-known varieties of American origin are: Isabella, Concord, Othello, Clinton, Ripatella (red) and Delaware, Elvira and Noah (white). To improve the wine quality American were crossed with European varieties in America - we speak of American hybrids, yield hybrids, old direct carriers or hybrid vines.

Isabella

Concord

Delaware

With respect to wine quality not reach the American hybrids, the quality of the wines of European noble varieties - they are more or less influenced by the Fox sound. The cultivation of these varieties was banned in some European countries for reasons of poor quality and because of a low content of toxic methyl alcohol. Today, in all European wine-producing countries are still to be found on a small scale these varieties, such as in Southern Burgenland, where the Uhudler, a southern Burgenland wine places is made. It is made from grapes of different direct carrier locations. These varieties require almost no control of downy mildew and powdery mildew - which is why they are often used for pergolas.

The yields of hybrids were overestimated, as the must yield in some varieties was due Dickschaligkeit, many cores or gelatinous flesh nature, only by 50%. In European varieties of must yield was 70 to 80%. The majority has a higher acidity than those of European varieties.

Since these varieties have high resistance to two major fungal diseases, downy mildew and powdery mildew, they have acquired as crossing partners significance.

Intersection of American with European varieties

• Improve the resistance to phylloxera root and improve wine quality.

In the late 19th century and early 20th century it has in France American with European varieties crossed to combine the resilience of the American varieties to phylloxera and the good quality of European wine varieties. The breeding objectives were not or only partly achieved.

Andor Teleki writes in his book 1927 ... Despite decades of efforts of many hybrid Eure in all countries so far could such ideal vines unfortunately nowhere to be produced. This gave hundreds of thousands of seedlings, thousands of different hybrids, often tied high hopes on a single number, which is then not confirmed in practice. Somewhere there was always lacking, either was the resistance to phylloxera and krypogamische diseases insufficient or did not correspond to the maturity, the yield or quality of the wine.

Variety Examples: Seyval Blanc, Villard Noir, Villard Blanc, Lucie Kuhlmann, Léon Millot, Maréchal Foch

• High wine quality and resistance to fungal diseases.

The characteristic of the good fungus resistance has used in the second half of the 20th century to the breeding of resistant varieties. The quality of European wine varieties was well introduced by multiple crossing with European varieties. Simultaneously, the intersections had a better resistance to fungal diseases than the European varieties. These varieties are referred to as inter -specific grape varieties. In practice, they are also known as fungus-resistant varieties ( PIWI ), although it is only a good part of resistance against certain fungal diseases. However, these new varieties do not have sufficient resistance to a root phylloxera infestation. You must grafted onto a rootstock are ( refined ). A planting ungrafted a so-called direct support is not possible, and is not aimed in the culture. The various rootstocks give the opportunity (eg, the lime content ) to adapt to the different characteristics of the rootstocks to soil conditions to ensure optimal nutrition for the precious places. The new hybrids, whose pedigree is already sufficient for 7 to 8 generations, and represent the very complex intersections, are now referred to as " Interspecific varieties " or " Piwi- varieties ". Especially the younger of these complex varieties are equivalent to the European varieties in their wine quality.

Today, there is already a large number of varieties available.

• Variety Examples

St. John

Rebzüchter (hybrid Eure)

Some Rebzüchter have rendered outstanding services in the 19th century much about the breeding of hybrid vines. The best known are: François Baco, Eugene Kuhlmann, Christian Pierre Castel, Eugène Contassot, Georges Couderc, Fernand Gaillard, Alfred Galibert, Christian Oberlin, Albert Seibel, Victor Villard, Bertille Seyve Villard, Jean Francois Ravat, Jean -Louis Vidal, Peter Eugen Landot, and Bruce Reisch ( from Cornell University).

Pad hybrids

Previously Vitis riparia and Vitis rupestris were the documents you use most. V. riparia was used in the northern and V. rupestris in the southern wine regions. But later they started to cross this. Initially, only one crossed Americans with each other and thus was the " Americo - American hybrids ." These have to Europeans on genetic characteristics that outward at a certain incompatibility of the refining partner. For this reason, we created the " Vinifera - American hybrids ." Since especially many French breeders concerned with the intersection of Americans and Europeans, these crossings also called " Franco - American."

• Americo - Americans - backing hybrids that have emerged from various American vine varieties.

Examples:

The base SO4 is now the most commonly used base for sale to private gardeners, as they cope with most soils and promotes good woodiness. Not all American vines have a good phylloxera resistance. The phylloxera firmest species Vitis riparia, Vitis rupestris and Vitis berlandieri. Therefore, there are the most important Unterterlagensorten from crosses of these species.

• Vinifera - Americans or Franco - Americans - backing hybrids that have emerged from American and European vines.

Examples:

Although the intersection brings a better compatibility of the finishing partner, the phylloxera resistance but weaker. Rootstock varieties, such as Geisenheim 26 ( Vitis riparia Trollinger x ) or A × R 1 ( Aramon rupestris × Vitis ) are therefore no longer recommended.

Performance ( grafting) on rootstocks

With the mechanical connection of two different vine varieties, a sufficiently resistant against the root phylloxera infestation American rootstock for the formation of the root system and a European grape variety which forms the above-ground organs, it has been possible to prevent the devastating effect of the phylloxera. With this strategy, the high quality of European varieties is perfectly preserved, because the varieties are not changed as at an intersection.

To combat the root phylloxera phylloxera- tolerant today ( " rootstocks " from America Vitis riparia, Vitis berlandieri, Vitis rupestris, Vitis cinerea Vitis amurensis and Asia ) or their hybrids with budwood European varieties (Vitis vinifera ) are grafted ( refined ). Thus, the complicated reproductive cycle of phylloxera can be interrupted. There are only a few layers or areas where ungrafted vines ( ungrafted, not refined ) can be planted around the world. Sandy soils have the advantage that the phylloxera can not develop here. Therefore, during the phylloxera disaster remained such vineyards as the only spared, for example, in the wine of Hungary. Furthermore, even Chile and South Australia by phylloxera (yet) been spared. Winzer save there time and costs, since they require only cuttings for planting a vineyard. It is questionable how long this phylloxera- free time still persists. Some companies go now, for reasons of safety to over to plant grafts; but have the documents in addition to resistance to the phylloxera infestation various desired properties (eg: impact on growth, maturity, to adapt to the lime content or drought, etc.) with which to adapt to the soil and site conditions is possible.

Chemical control of phylloxera

The soil injection with carbon disulfide was an effective, labor-intensive and expensive phylloxera control method. They brought the liquid, easily evaporating, high explosive, toxic carbon disulfide with Handinjektoren in the main root zone of infested vines. By finishing the noble variety with a resistant rootstock this method is long gone and now banned.