Hypoxis

Hypoxis hemerocallidea

Hypoxis is a plant genus within the family of Hypoxidaceae. The approximately 90 species are on the northern and southern hemisphere, mainly distributed in subtropical to tropical areas, but no species is native to Europe.

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description and ecology

Appearance, roots and leaves

The Hypoxis species grow as a perennial, herbaceous plants. These geophytes form underground, thickened stem axis or vertical, more or less long, almost spherical, bulbous or elongated rhizomes as outlasting. The underground stem axis are inside fleshy, slimy, white or yellow - orange and are cut in the air black by oxidation. The aboveground plant parts often have branched, white to reddish hairs ( trichomes ).

Have Hypoxis species, especially on the upper half of its rhizome, kontraktiele with which they can adjust the height in the soil for optimal growth stubby roots.

It is in most Hypoxis species to geophytes in which dry up during the dry season the leaves and sprout fresh leaves in the rainy season, which are often present during the flowering period. Few Hypoxis species are evergreen. Most South African Hypoxis species begin in the spring new leaves are green and drive off during the summer. In most Hypoxis species few to many ( three to twenty) leaves are arranged in about three rows spirally above the other, in some species leaves are basal exist. There are leaf sheaths, but not formed petioles. The sheaths can form a small " false stem " and / or may be surrounded by dry fibers in some species. The simple leaf blades are linear to lanceolate or ovate. In the genera Hypoxis and Rhodohypoxis the leaf surfaces are often hairy, whereas in the closely related genus Spiloxene bald. There is Parallelnervigkeit, where the veins are often relatively well developed.

Inflorescences, flowers and pollination

In South Africa, the inflorescences with the beginning of the rainy season are formed in the spring. It is a non- exfoliated, slender, short available to long, unbranched, usually finely hairy inflorescence stem. Depending on the type, two to twelve petals together in a terminal, racemose inflorescence doldigen or, sometimes the flowers are also available individually. The flowers are about one or two bracts. The flower stems are long or short.

The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and threefold. The six most nearly identically shaped, externally hairy bracts are free, durable, narrow ovate and always star-shaped (hence its common name in the Heimatgegieten yellow stars, star lily (English), sterretjie ( afrikaans ) ) and arranged spread. Rarely are four or eight bloom yet. The color of the bloom is yellow in almost all species, var only Hypoxis Hypoxis parvula albiflora membranous and they are white. There are two circles with three each, rarely only two stamens present. The short, thread - to pfriemförmig stamens are among themselves freely, spread to erect and inserted at the base of the bloom. Three carpels are fused into one, usually dreikammerigen, inferior ovary. Each ovary chamber contains many ovules. The short, cylindrical style ends with an inverted - conical, three-lobed stigma.

The flowering period is very different depending on the type. A flower opens only during the day, but the flowers of the inflorescence do not open all at once and so the flowering period lasts for several weeks. As with all Hypoxidaceae the flowers contain at Hypoxis no nectaries, so the only reward for pollinators pollen. The main pollinators are solitary bees or honey bees living. The pollen grains are yellow and are visible in the transparent pollen sacs for pollinators.

Fruit and seeds

The thin-walled capsule fruits open along its cross section and the upper part falls off. The relatively small seeds have a black seed coat.

Chromosome numbers

The base chromosome number is x = 7,8,9,11,19. Often polyploidy or aneuploidy is present.

Occurrence

The genus Hypoxis is widespread in the northern and southern hemisphere, mainly distributed in subtropical to tropical areas. The greatest diversity of species with about 45 species are found in southern Africa. In each case, some species occur in Central Africa ( about 20 species ), Madagascar, Asia, the Oriental ( "Indo - Malasia " ), in Australia, South, Central, North America and on Caribbean islands. Seven species are native to the United States. No species is native to Europe.

About seven species are elements of the capensis. About eight species occur in the Western Cape, about eight species in the Northern Cape and three species in the Eastern Cape before. Only one species is native to Namibia.

Most species thrive in damp or wet locations in episodic. Most South African species thrive in areas with summer rain, so in the eastern part of South Africa. Seven of these species occur also in the winter rainfall areas. Eleven species are found only at altitudes above 1000 meters only in the South African domestic market. The other South African species ranging from the coast to inland. Hypoxis species thrive mainly in grasslands, best in full light. Few Hypoxis species thrive on rock walls or in the forest shadows.

Some Hypoxis species are in the " Red List of South African Plants" = " Red List of South African Plants ."

System

The genus Hypoxis was erected in 1759 by Carl Linnaeus in Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2, pp. 972, 986 and 1366. As a Hypoxis erecta L. 1913 type species by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown in An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, 2nd edition, volume 1, page 534 has been set. The genus name Hypoxis is derived from the Greek words hypo for under and for oxy pointed down, this refers to the pointed base of the ovary or fruit. Synonyms for Hypoxis L. are: Upoda Adans, Schinnongia cabinet, Niobea Willd.. ex Schult. & Schult.f ..

Of the genus Hypoxis were The African species of Amaryllidaceae Hypoxideae in Botanical yearbooks, Volume 51, 1866, p by Gert Cornelius Nel in Article 287-340 some species in a new genus Ianthe Salisb. or Janthe Nel orth var provided, this is now a synonym of Spiloxene.

Hypoxis is a genus within the family of Hypoxidaceae. Previously, she was also classified in the family Liliaceae.

There are about 90 species of Hypoxis:

• Hypoxis acuminata Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis angustifolia Lam. , You will be as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis argentea Harv. ex Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis arillacea R.J.F.Hend.
• Hypoxis aurea Lour.
• Hypoxis bampsiana Wiland
• Hypoxis camerooniana Baker
• Hypoxis canaliculata Baker
• Hypoxis catamarcensis Brackett
• Hypoxis colchicifolia Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis costata Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis cuanzensis Welw. ex Baker
• Hypoxis curtissii Rose
• Hypoxis decumbens L.
• Hypoxis demissa Nel
• Hypoxis dinteri Nel
• Hypoxis domingensis Urb.
• Hypoxis exaltata Nel: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis exilis R.J.F.Hend.
• Hypoxis filiformis Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis fischeri Pax
• Hypoxis flanaganii Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis floccosa Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis galpinii Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis gardneri R.J.F.Hend.
• Hypoxis gerrardii Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis glabella R.Br.
• Hypoxis goetzei Harms
• Hypoxis gregoriana Rendle
• Hypoxis hemerocallidea fish., C.A.Mey. & Avé - Lall. Their natural stocks decrease.
• Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville
• Hypoxis humilis Kunth
• Hypoxis hygrometrica Labill.
• Hypoxis interjecta Nel: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis juncea Sm
• Hypoxis kilimanjarica Baker
• Hypoxis kraussiana Buchinger ex C.Krauss: it is as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis lata Nel: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis lejolyana Wiland
• Hypoxis leucotricha Fritsch
• Hypoxis limicola BLBurtt: it is as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis longifolia Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis lucens McVaugh
• Hypoxis ludwigii Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis lusalensis Wiland
• Hypoxis malaissei Wiland
• Hypoxis marginata R.Br.
• Hypoxis membranous Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis mexicana Schult. & Schult.f.
• Hypoxis monanthos Baker
• Hypoxis muhilensis Wiland
• Hypoxis multiceps Buchinger ex Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis neliana Schinz: it is as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis nervosa R.J.F.Hend.
• Hypoxis nivea Y.Singh
• Hypoxis nyasica Baker
• Hypoxis obconica Nel: She comes in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu -Natal. Your stocks are considered to be stable. She is described as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis oblonga Nel: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis obtusa Burch. ex Ker Gawl. , you will be as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Occidentalis Hypoxis Benth.
• Hypoxis oligophylla Baker
• Hypoxis parvifolia Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis parvula Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis patula Nel: It occurs only in Mpumalanga. Your stocks are considered to be stable. It is classified as "vulnerable " = 'vulnerable '.
• Hypoxis polystachya Welw. ex Baker
• Hypoxis potosina Brackett
• Hypoxis pratensis R.Br.
• Hypoxis protrusa Nel
• Hypoxis pulchella G.L.Nesom
• Hypoxis rigida Chapm.
• Hypoxis rigidula Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis robusta Nel
• Hypoxis sagittata Nel: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis salina M.Lyons & Keighery
• Hypoxis schimperi Baker
• Hypoxis sessilis L.
• Hypoxis setosa Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis sobolifera Jacq. , You will be as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis stellipilis Ker Gawl. , You will be as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis suffruticosa Nel
• Hypoxis symoensiana Wiland
• Hypoxis tepicensis Brackett
• Hypoxis tetramera Hilliard & BLBurtt: it is as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis uniflorata Markötter: It is classified as "vulnerable " = 'vulnerable '.
• Hypoxis upembensis Wiland
• Hypoxis urceolata Nel
• Hypoxis vaginata Schltdl.
• Hypoxis villosa Lf: it is as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Hypoxis wrightii ( Baker) Brackett
• Hypoxis zeyheri Baker: It is used as " least concern " = " not endangered".

Use

Some species ( for example hemerocallidea Hypoxis, Hypoxis angustifolia Hypoxis membranous colchicifolia Hypoxis, Hypoxis obtusa, Hypoxis acuminata ) and its varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.

From Hypoxis hygrometrica the underground plant parts can be eaten after thorough cooking ( Calciumoxalat-Kristalle! ).

About the current medical use is little known outside of South Africa. At least two types Hypoxis Hypoxis hemerocallidea and colchicifolia were used in folk medicine. In South Africa, using drugs from Hypoxis hemerocallidea, there used to treat HIV / AIDS patients already "wonder herb" and " miracle cure " and is also used against other immune diseases.

Swell

• John C. Manning, Peter Goldblatt & Deirdre A. Snijman: The Color Encyclopedia of Cape Bulbs, 2002, Timber Press, Portland. ISBN 0-88192-547-0: Hypoxis on p 334-336 (Section Description, occurrence and use)
• Yashica Singh, April 2004: Hypoxis L. PlantZAfrica at the South African National Biodiversity Institute = SANBI. (Section Description, occurrence and use)
• Zhanhe Ji & Alan W. Meerow: Amaryllidaceae: Hypoxis, pp. 273 - text the same online as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 24 - Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5.
• Entry in the New South Wales Flora Online.
• I. Nordal & C. Zimudzi: Flora Zambesiaca, Volume 12, 2001 Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis - Full -text online.
• Justyna Wiland - Szymanska: The Genus Hypoxis ( Hypoxidaceae ) in Central Africa, In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Volume 88, Issue 2, 2001, pp. 302-350.