Loanword

A loanword is a word that is transferred to the recipient language (target language) from another language ( the donor or source language ) ( borrowed ) was. Donors language does not have to be necessarily the origin of language, but can also be a mediating language ( intermediary language ). A word can repeatedly be taken at different times and from different mediating donor languages in the recipient language, and occur in this in different meanings, Lautungen and / or spellings.

The determination of the origin of words is a matter of etymology; with the motives, reasons and triggers of borrowing - and more generally with name change - to employ the onomasiology and language change research.

Demarcation and loanwords in the broader sense

Loanword and inherited word

The antonym of loanword is inherited word. From an inherited word is called when the word from an older or the oldest reconstructable stage of development of the studied language originates. The application of the term, however, depends on the period of investigation and requires a low level of knowledge of the history of words ahead. For example, a word like Palatinate (residential building of a medieval prince ), which can be traced back from the NHG about the Middle High German to the Old High German ( phalanza ), compared with Middle High German and High German loanwords appear in languages other than inherited word, although it made in the Old High German period was taken vulgar latin palancia (< palatium ) and so far in the German no less a loanword than the derived from the same Latin root, younger loanwords Palace ( from middle High German pallas, Old French palais ) or Palais

Loan-and a foreign word

From a loan word in the narrow sense is called when the word is assumed adapted in its flexion, the wording and spelling of the language of the recipient language. The loanwords in a broader sense also includes the foreign words in which such an adjustment does not take place or lesser extent, and the foreign origin of the word remains relatively clearly marked. The transition between loan words and foreign words in the narrower sense is fluid, a clear distinction is often not possible. A clear example: Monete (s) would be as a foreign word to characterize coin as a loan word in the strict sense, both of which go back to the same word, the Latin " Moneta ".

Lehnprägung

With a loan word in the narrow sense and a foreign word the word foreign body is taken with its meaning or part of this meaning. This is known as lexical borrowing. Of these, delineate, even if the loan words attributed in a broader sense, often, is the only semantic borrowing or Lehnprägung (French and English calque ), in the over with the linguistic resources of the recipient language, but without taking over the sound body, a meaning from the donor language, in the form of a Lehnbedeutung or Lehnbildung.

Lehnbedeutung

In a Lehnbedeutung the meaning of a foreign word is taken and transferred to a local word. The Gothic daupjan with the basic meaning, submerge ' got under the influence of the Greek baptizein the importance of making someone by immersion for Christians ' ( baptized ), and cut the German word received from the English phrase cut a person the additional importance, not intentionally know someone '; see term takeover.

Lehnbildung

As Lehnbildung refers to the formation of a new word in the recourse to existing words or word stems of the recipient language. The difference to Lehnbedeutung is that in Lehnbildung a new word or a new combination of words is produced. We distinguish the following types of Lehnbildung:

Calque, in a mostly composite foreign word limb from limb is translated: examples are the grandfather of French grand- père, or floodlighting of English floodlight.
The Lehnübertragung, in which the foreign components are translated only partially or with a change in meaning, such as skyscrapers as in part "Cloud " metonymically shifted transmission of English skyscraper (literally " sky scraper ") or telephone for telephone (remote sound ).
The Lehnschöpfung in which a word is newly formed relatively freely without regard to particular shades of meaning of the foreign word, usually to replace an already existing foreign word, eg College of University vehicles for automotive, environment for milieu.

Scheinentlehnung

A special case is the Scheinentlehnung in which a word or a foreign word from components of the donor language is newly formed, the self not as exists in this donor language or has a different meaning, for example, Barber (French coiffeur ), mobile phone (English mobile phone, American English cellphone ), tuxedo ( dinner jacket English, American English: tuxedo ). Unless it on in the recipient language already existing foreign words will fall back, you can Scheinentlehnungen as Lehnprägungen ( Lehnschöpfungen ) classify.

Loans from German

German words that have been integrated in a language other than loan word or a foreign word, called Germanisms. An extensive list of Germanisms is found in the list of German words in other languages. Many Germanisms are shown in

Andrea Stiberc: sauerkraut, Weltschmerz, kindergarten and Co. German words in the world. Herder, Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 1999, ISBN 3-451-04701-2

The German Language Council collected in 2006 in collaboration with the German Language Society and the Goethe -Institut in an international tender " Ausgewanderte words " the world's most interesting contributions. A selection is published in:

Jutta Limbach: Emigrated words. München: Hueber, ISBN 978-3-19-107891-1

2007/2008 collected the Language Council in cooperation with the Goethe -Institut for four months, " words with a migration background " to find the most beautiful " immigrant word" in German. A selection of the submissions has been published in:

Immigrant words, Munich, Hueber 2008, ISBN 978-3-19-207891-0

Borrowings in the German

Many words have come through the detour of other languages in the German language. One example is the " pistachio ", originally from Persian ( Modern Persian: پسته Peste ), which is reached via Latin and Italian into German.

Australian languages ( areal Sprachbund ): Here words are listed that are from the English language enters the German, but originated in the languages of the Australian Aborigines ( Aboriginal ) have: Boomerang - Kangaroo - Koala

Indian languages ( areal Sprachbund ): see list of German words from Indian languages

Scandinavian languages ( areal Sprachbund ) - Scandinavianism: Fjord - Geysir - Hummer - krill - Crispbread - Trail - Ombudsman - Reindeer - Ski - Slalom - Troll - Wolverine

Iranian languages - Iranism: Babuschen - canopy - Bazaar - caravan - caviar - Khaki - Kiosk - Magic - Magician - Orange - Paradise - Pasha - Peach - Pistachio - pajamas - Castling - Chess - scarf - Cheque - Tambour - Cup - Tulip - Jasmine

Slavic Languages - Slavism: Agrasel ( Austriazismus ) - Blinse ( Saxon ) - Karst - Kolache - Kren ( Austriazismus ) - Kukuruz ( Austriazismus ) - Apricot ( Austriazismus ) - Murke ( Austriazismus ) - Signet - Platzke ( Austriazismus ) - Powidl - Quark - satchel - Vampire - Vistula ( Austriazismus ) - Butterfly - Vodka

Arabic Language - Arabism: see list of German words from Arabic

Nahuatl ( Aztec language ) - Aztekismus: Chili - Coyote - Ocelot - Cocoa - Chocolate - Tomato Avocado

Quechua ( Quechua ) - Quechuismus: Puma - Condor - Koka - quinine - Lama - Quinoa

Chinese language - Sinismus: see list of German words from Chinese

English Language - anglicism: Bob - lynch originally from Irish, as well as a boycott - Quiz - Tanker

Ewenkische Language: Shaman

Finnish language - Fennizismus sauna

French language - Gallicism: see list of Gallicisms

Greek language - Gräzismus: see list of Gräzismen and list of Greek root words in German foreign words

Are words that were originally derived from the Greek, but then went over to another language and have been proven to be borrowed into German only from there;
It is in modern times in modern languages composed of the Greek word material formations that have never existed in Greek in this form - even if they have been partially taken back today in the modern Greek language.

Hebrew language - Hebraism: see list of German words from Hebrew

Inuktitut: Igloo - Kayaking - Canoeing - Anorak

Italian language - Italianism: Alarm - Antenna - Bank - bankruptcy - Balance sheet - Fango - fumarole - Ghetto - Graffiti - Cannon - capital - Potato - Checkout - corridor - Credit - Account - Lava - Macaroni - Marzipan - Melanzane ( Austriazismus ) - Melon - Mole - Mortadella - mozzarella - nutmeg - net - pepperoni - Pizza - Porto - Porcelain - power of attorney - rest - currant ( Austriazismus ) - Risk - salami - Salto - Solfatare - balancing act - Spaghetti - Lemon - zucchini and a variety of words from the music Alt - Bass - major - Forte - Intermezzo - mezzo-soprano - minor - Piano - soprano - Tenor

Japanese language - Japanism: see list of German words from Japanese

Yiddish language - Jiddismus: wangle, Schlemihl shtetl, Tacheles, see List of German words from Hebrew

Croatian language - Kroatismus: fiacre - Signet - Kukuruz

Latin language - Latinism: Note: It shall apply mutatis mutandis the same restrictions as in the Gräzismen.

Dutch language - Niederlandismus: Detour - Oyster - Boss - tow - Korfball - sailor - matjes - Bully - Still Life

Polish Language - Polonism: Dalli! ( Statement for fast, from the Polish word " dalej " ) - Konik - Penunze - brew - Mottek ( in the Ruhr Germans) - Matka ( in the Ruhr Germans) - Ogonek - carriage - border - Cucumber - Whip - Pintsch ( in eastern Austria ) - Rzeczpospolita - rendzina - Saber - Sejm - Solidarity - Goldfinch, Siskin and other bird species - szlachta - Voivodeship - Złoty

Polynesian languages: Aloha - Tattoo - Taboo

Portuguese language - Lusitanismus: Cannibal - Bacalhau - chourico - Peixe - obsolete: Oz ( Jaguar, of onça )

Romansh language - Rätoromanismus: Glacier (from Glatsch, ice ', compare Latin glacies )

Russian language - Russizismus: see list of German words from Russian

Slovak language - Slowakismus: sheep cheese ( Austrian parlance)

Slovenian language - Slowenismus: snack

Spanish Language - Hispanismus: see list of Hispanismen

Swahili: Jenga - Safari

Czech language - Bohemian,: Pistol - Trabant - Buchteln ( Austriazismus ) - Kolache ( Austriazismus ) - Powidl ( Austriazismus ) - Robot - Polka - Tuchent ( Austriazismus )

Turkish language - Turzismus Aga - Interpreter - Döner - Heckmeck - Janissary - Yogurt - Yurt - caviar - Kebab - Kefir - Kilim - Kiosk - Pasha - Raki - Saddle Cloths

Hungarian Language - Hungarismus: Interpreter - goulash - Husar - Carriage - letcho - Pancakes - Paprika - Tokaji - Dub - Schor (from sensor)

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