Museum

The Museum (Greek μουσεῖον, Mouseion, Muse temple - originally the sanctuary of the Muses, which protective goddesses of the arts, culture and science were ) is an institution that maintains a collection of meaningful and instructive or exemplary objects, categorized, researches and exhibits or parts thereof ( usually to the public).

The word "museum" first appeared in the Hellenistic antiquity to the 4th century BC in Alexandria, where it describes an entire district, which was dedicated to the Muses, and especially the library. 1546 the first printed " Museum " Catalogue of the humanist Paolo Giovio appears on a part of his house in Como, Italy: " Musaei Joviani Descriptio ". From then on, the word was the name of various collections. As a general term in the public acts, the name only since the late 18th century (next to Pinakothek Glyptothek or ).

The curator is the person in charge of a collection or exhibition of a museum. Most often an entrance fee is charged today by the visitors that benefits the preservation of the collection and the installation; often it is possible in one day in the week or at least at certain hours of the day, individual museums free of charge to visit.

Survey

The aim of the museum is to store articles, museum objects from mostly recent times on a particular subject professionally and permanently, and make it accessible to visitors. Only in this way will be from Deponaten exhibits. This is done in permanent and temporary exhibitions; Stocks, which are lack of space can not ever show ( nor the deposits ) will be held in deposit.

In a concept of the museum of ideas to do it - instead of objects - to ideas, concepts. It also serves as a place of discussion and thematic exchanges.

After the conviction of science museums should preserve and show evidence of the history of mankind: the end of our historical, technical, socio-cultural, our physical, psychological and philosophical, even our artistic development.

After the German Museum Confederation of 1978 considers a public museum must not have any commercial structure ( however, this does not apply to private museums ), must be professionally managed and scientifically supervised and carry out a scientific collection. In the center is always the original object to be located. It follows that for a one-time set up permanent exhibitions, for other exhibitions should not be construed as museums with a predominant use of multimedia, as well as exhibition halls without their own collections.

A museum that is part of a university, is also called the University Museum. Mostly there the university's history is presented and shown appropriate exhibits. Among the best known of such university museums in Germany include the Museum of the Ruprecht -Karls- University of Heidelberg or the " Uniseum " of the University of Freiburg. Another concept pursues the decentralized museum was founded in 2006 at the University of Tübingen. The above all the history of science and cultural studies oriented MUT wants to convey the importance of research, teaching and display collections of Tübingen in temporary, interdisciplinary and research-based exhibitions. This is to the long history, are great diversity and extraordinary completeness and quality of the scientific collections of the University of Tübingen underlined and placed in a new, knowledge-based context.

Play a special role collectors museums, private museums, ecclesiastical museums and corporate museums. You will receive and present the historical collections eg of institutions, businesses or corporations. Should you influence with their public relations and the image of the institution in public.

Today, almost all museums suffer from budget shortages. The above definition should not be an obstacle to attract by appealing presentations and showrooms enough audience. In a way, museums must also take into account the spirit and provide visitors with a clear structure, relationships, and also the chance to own actions.

In Germany and Austria the term museum is not protected. To nevertheless ensure a certain standard for museums the museum seal of approval of ICOM - Austria and the Museums Association Austria was created in 2002 in Austria.

History

Museums often went out of miracles or artificial chambers of nobility or ecclesiastical dignitaries or special private art collections.

The first was built for such a collection section of the building ( and thus the first museum building ) north of the Alps was built in 1558-1563 Kunstkammer of the Vienna Hofburg, the foundations of which were discovered in March 2013. In Basel, the city acquired in 1661 from a sale abroad threatened private collection, the Amerbach cabinet, and made them available to the public in 1671. Opened in 1688 Johann Daniel Major in Kiel a public natural and cultural history National Museum, the Museum Cimbricum. In some cities in the German language, it came in the 19th century bourgeois start-ups: Kunsthalle Bremen, Städel in Frankfurt, Hamburger Kunsthalle, Vienna Kunsthalle, Museum Wiesbaden, etc. In many cases, however, are associations - working on a smaller scale and for local conditions become, for example, district or mining museums.

In Brunswick, the Herzog- Anton- Ulrich- Museum was opened in 1754. It was after the British Museum, the second public museum, but the first museum of the European continent.

Today pull museums in London and Paris in particular many visitors; among the ten most visited museums in the world, there is none in Germany. It is often invested in museums to increase the international prestige of cities.

By means of special forms, such as the hands-on museum contributes to the converted visitor interest statement.

Functions, tasks, activities

The skilled in the art widely accepted description of the functions of a museum comes from the International Council of Museums ( ICOM), which is a museum as " a non-profit, permanent, publicly accessible institution in the service of society and its development, for study, education and entertainment purposes material evidence of people and their environment procured, conserves, researches, makes and known issues "means. This functional description is often referred to in the literature as definition.

The ICOM defines a museum as follows:

" The museum is a non-profit making, permanent institution in the service of society and its development, which is open to the public and acquires material evidence of people and their environment for the purpose of study, education and enjoyment, receives, researches, communicates and issues. "

In addition to the museum education, restoration and conservation of value all museums entertain display collections ( permanent exhibitions ) and very often special exhibitions (also works with other museums ). Other tasks may be leading a study collection or a magazine. Some museums also maintain libraries.

Partly also it is argued, museums, respectively their curators should also be active in research.

Museology, museum studies, museum design

Subject of museology is not the museum, even though it may be close. Museology is in the true sense a science that deals with the phenomenon of museum quality. Thereby, the question was whether and to what extent an object is a carrier of meaning for its environment. Of central interest here is the web of relationships in which an object is perceived. This applies to both the origin and movement context of the object, as well as connotations that receives the object or its image by the knowledge and background experience of the viewer.

Of practical relevance are the findings of museology especially for the analysis and design of object- based communication between curators and visitors. As the founder of museology Samuel Quiccheberg and Johann Daniel Major may apply. The modern museology established Zbynek Z. Stransky (Brno / Brünn ). Taken up and his work has been extended in the German-speaking countries, inter alia, by Friedrich Waidacher (Graz ), the manual applies to General Museology as one of the standard works of modern museology.

Museology is taught in Europe, especially in the United Kingdom in the Netherlands, Finland, Czech Republic and Croatia. In Switzerland there is a post-graduate course " Museum Practice" titled " Certificate of Advanced Studies" at the University in Chur. The established at the Julius- Maximilians- University of Würzburg in the winter semester 2010/11 Bachelor study program " museology and material culture " is the only university program in Germany. This was from the winter semester 2013/14, supplemented by the subsequent Master study program " Science Museum ". In Leipzig and Berlin, there is a course of study at colleges.

In contrast to museology in the narrower sense, employs, for example, at the HTW Berlin learned museology museum with practical matters. Furthermore, there is a master's degree museum management and communication ( also HTW Berlin). Under museography finally one understands museum staging art. This is to implement the scenography to the museum exhibition.

Museum education, placement in the museum

The science and study of the placement of the collection items is the museum education.

Museums as meeting facilities

Museums also be used as venues for events to take place in an extraordinary setting. Reasons for the museums are the bridge to the theme of the museum otherwise rather remote parties and the development of additional sources of revenue for their own work. Examples of museums that also function as an event space in addition to your actual work:

• In the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt -Bockenheim disco parties or office parties find on special occasions in the Dinosaur atrium in the evening instead.
• In the Frankfurt Transport Museum in Frankfurt -swan Home particularly corporate events.

Measuring

• Exponatec Cologne

Museums Museum species after

The Institute for Museum Research distinguishes between nine Museum ways:

Museums for places or countries

• List of German museums After places (nationwide): Museums in Baden- Württemberg
• Museums in Bavaria
• Museums in Berlin
• Museums in Brandenburg
• Museums in Bremen
• Museums in Hamburg
• Museums in Hesse
• Museums in Mecklenburg- Vorpommern
• Museums in Lower Saxony
• Museums in North Rhine -Westphalia
• Museums in Rhineland -Palatinate
• Museums in Saarland
• Museums in Saxony
• Museums in Saxony -Anhalt
• Museums in Schleswig -Holstein
• Museums in Thuringia

• By town

• By town

• By town

Museum portals on the internet to allow further research by museums.