Raneb

Nebre (also Hor - Nebre, Hor - Nebra, or, outdated, Ra -neb ) was the Horus name of the second ancient Egyptian King ( Pharaoh ) of the 2nd Dynasty ( Early Dynastic period ), who reigned at about 2830 BC.

The duration of his reign is not precisely known. Broken away during the year entry in the Turin Royal Canon, reports the ancient chronicler Manetho of 39 years in government. Presumably, however, this is an exaggeration or a reading of the dates shown. Based on the current state of research Nebre has reigned about 10 to 14 years.

• 6.1 General
• 6.2 The seal impressions

About the Name

Nebres Horus name was read with pleasure, especially in former times as " Raneb ". This reading, however, been questioned for some time. The reason for this is the finding that the sun is not yet so much was at the center of religious worship during the Early Dynastic period. From the end of the Predynastic period to the beginning of the Old Kingdom, the state faith of the Egyptians focused on maintaining the dualistic equality of the two highest state gods Horus and Seth. The sun was at that time still as a celestial body that was controlled by Horus and was merely a part of him. As an important indication of this knowledge lead to, among other things Winfried Barta and Steven Quirke, that the name " Re" for the sun deity occurs only gradually as part of private persons name at the beginning of the 3rd dynasty under King Djoser in appearance ( as in the senior officials Hesire ) and only in the middle of the 4th dynasty comes into focus religious cults under King Djedefre and finally independent status as a well-established deity attained ( as is Djedefre the first king of the sun god Ra specifically dedicated his birth name ). The Horus name of King Nebre may, therefore, only refer to initial changes in cosmological thinking, which encouraged the growing worship of the sun. Further promotion of the sun cult like Egypt have experienced under Seth Peribsen. Jochem Kahl refers to several Tonsiegelabdrücke showing the Seth - animal along with the solar disk above the Serech of the king. The sun was now considered just as a celestial body that was dominated by Seth. The sun was so regarded until the reign of King Djoser as a mere, dominated by the two state gods orb of day without its own personality. For this reason, a reading as " Raneb " would be ( Engl. " Ra is my Lord " ) are misleading. In Egyptology, therefore, the reading " Neb - Re" or " Neb - Ra" ( Engl. " Lord of the Sun" ) has prevailed.

Near an oasis at Armant is a rock inscription with Nebres name which has an interesting notation in Serech: here (N5 ) and "Lord " ( V30 ), the character "Sun" swapped.

Identity

The Egyptology generally identified as the ruler King Nebre " chocolate milk " that is specified in Ramesside king lists as the second ruler of the 2nd dynasty and as a direct predecessor of King Ninetjer. The problem here is the fact that these cartridges name is not used contemporary, neither in this form, nor in any similar variant. There are also no contemporary inscriptions, in which another name of the ruler can be found by the writer of later epochs could perhaps have misunderstood.

Nebre is identical to Weneg

Egyptologist Jochem Kahl Nebre identified with the contemporary documented and much discussed throne name " Nisutbitj - Nebti Weneg ". He sees here the volcanic rock fragment BM EA 35556 and its vascular engraving as a key with respect to the solution in the context of equating " Raneb " and " Weneg ". Both names were originally next to each other on the fragment, but have been overwritten later. In the middle of the inscription is found unreadable today the Nesutbitj - Nebti name of Ninetjer, the third ruler of the 2nd dynasty. The hieroglyphs with which Ninetjers name is written, the representation of the palace "hat -sa- ha" of Nebre facing to the right and thus are mirrored. The representation of the palace and the name of the Nebre have partial destruction on through rubbings. Kahl believed that the existing hieroglyph for " Weneg Flower" ground off and should be overwritten with the characters for the name " Ninetjer ". This includes a bald equating the name " Weneg " and " Nebre ". The reasons included the Horus name of the Nebre should be eventually repaid, remain unclear. Kahl points out, however, that at least four of the names of the Weneg were attached " to shave ", Weneg was therefore itself over the name of its predecessor. Another argument he relies on the assumption that the name of Hor - Nebre as " Raneb " ( German for " Ra is my Lord " ) is to be read and the deity Weneg was worshiped as the "Son of Ra". Since it derives a commonality in terms of an incipient sun worship it, he links the name " Raneb " and " Weneg " with each other. The third argument for equating the name " Nebre " and " Weneg " Kahl performs the so-called " gold name ", which appears as early as the 1st dynasty in archaic form and was used in later years as the honorary title of Ra. Kahl therefore assumes that Ra must be already been a prominent deity in the 1st Dynasty.

Kahls equating the name " Nebre " and " Weneg " is meanwhile welcomed by the majority of Egyptology. The theories of the early dynastic existence of a sun god " Ra" are, however, still regarded with skepticism. Ben Sülzle points out that the title " The Golden " as Honorary Title to other deities was used, such as for Horus under King Qaa (1st Dynasty), where Horus is titled as "Golden shank of the gods ". Or for the crown goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet under King Khasekhemwy (whose Nebtiname was " Coronation of the two powers of the Two Ladies, her body is made of gold "). As a third example Sülzle leads to the god Seth, who was also called by King Peribsen as " The Golden ". " The Golden " could therefore be virtually virtually any deity of Egypt. A gold name is therefore no compelling evidence for a worship of a " sun-god Ra" in the early dynastic eras, especially the kings always regarded themselves as representatives of Horus and Seth, not of Ra. Stephen Quirke sheds adds that the name " Ra" (Egyptian r3) for the Sun appears only in the names of senior officials under King Djoser. A " sun god Rê " as an independent god with its own cult has not been established under Nebre, he was introduced under King Djoser.

Nebre is identical to Nubnefer

Jürgen von Beckerath and Battiscombe Gunn, however, beat the Nisut - Bitj name Nubnefer as possible before proper names. However, this equality is not unchallenged, because " Nubnefer " is a fixed birth name already and may already be owned by another, independent rulers, especially the kings of the first always used the same notation for their Nisut - bitj - Nebti name to third dynasty.

Documents

A vessel fragment of slate, which was discovered in the mastaba S3014 at Saqqara, called in connection with the name " Weneg " the feast " Hor wadjet saw " ( erecting the pillars of Horus ). This festival is extensively and often called on vessels from the reign of kings and Nebre Ninetjer, the vessel inscription thus confirmed at least a chronological near Weneg at the beginning of the 2nd dynasty. Nebres name also appears on seal impressions from a large passage grave under the Unas Pyramid, together with those of his predecessor Hetepsechemui. He called on various inscriptions on stone vessels from Abydos, Giza and Sakkara especially. Strangely, however, never alone his name appears on, but always either together with the name of its predecessor ( Hetepsechemui ) or by his successor ( Ninetjer ).

Furthermore, it is obtained from Nebre a stele from Memphis or Sakkara, which is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. In Memphis, a statue of the priest redjit was found. An inscription on the shoulder of the figure identifies three kings: Hetepsechemui, Nebre and Ninetjer. Probably redjit has provided as a priest cult of the dead for those three kings, for his statue is stylistically dated to the end of the 3rd Dynasty. His name was also found on a rock on Mount Sinai engraved.

Reign

As mentioned in the introduction, the duration of the reign of Nebre is unknown. Reconstructions on a fragment of the Palermosteins and on the Cairo Stone leave for a period of 38-39 years for Hetepsechemui and Nebre close together, from which can be derived in two ways: either both have ruled every 19 years or Hetepsechemui reigned 29 years and Nebre 10 years. The latter is preferred by the majority of Egyptology.

Over the course of Nebres reign is also little known. Only Manetho know about Nebre ( he calls the " Kaichoos " ) to report that this reigned 38 years; below this the gods Apies, Menevus and the goat were introduced to Mendes. This story Egyptologists are suspicious because the Apis cult was celebrated under King Anedjib and the deity Apis is even witnessed since the beginning of the 1st dynasty.

In connection with the name Weneg the inscriptions on the stone vessels of separate interest. The two most commonly encountered inscriptions mention the names of ships, both " Hor - seba - taui " ( Horus, star of the two countries ) and " Sema " (wild animal). Both names appear under the hard barks Weneg for the first time and immerse the same name in Ninetjer on. The hard barks the central role played since the 1st Dynasty as king ships in the commission of Horus -conduct. Whether it is a re-use under Ninetjer or a new building, remains unclear.

Possible grave system

Some Egyptologists hold grave Gallery B under the Unas causeway at Saqqara for Nebre 's possible burial. Wolfgang Helck says because there found Tonsiegelinschriften, said grave falls rather Nebre and that of his predecessor, Hetepsechemui, deck, not yet located elsewhere in the area.