Stanitsa
A Cossack village (Russian станица; Ukrainian станиця / stanyzja; German plural stanitsas or Stanizen; (obsolete) also stanitza / s) is a Cossack village, today, especially in Russia and Ukraine.
- 2.1 Significant Stanizen
Historical development
In the Russian Empire from the 15th to the 17th century as Staniza smaller (60-100 men) from " servants " and Cossacks were referred to existing cavalry units were deployed in the southern steppes border security and observation of the movements of the Crimean Tatars. In contrast to the normal border guard troops this Stanizen undertook to investigate, capture or destruction of smaller Tatar units wide trains in the steppes beyond the southern and south-eastern borders of the empire.
In the 16th to 18th century, "messages" of the Cossack troops to the Russian Czar to Moscow and later called Saint Petersburg as Staniza were. Every winter a Winterstaniza (Russian зимовая станица / simowaja Staniza ) was sent with the most important documents, and gifts brought back the pay of the troops in return. This Stanizen consisted of up to 20 men, sometimes led by a Ataman. In addition, during the year were three to four "light Stanizen ", sent, consisting of three to five men. The number of these Stanizen took in the course of the 18th century gradually. Towards the end of the century they were finally completely abandoned, with the exception of Winterstaniza the Ural Cossacks, who delivered fish and caviar to the Tsar.
In the Russia of the 17th -18th century they began to call also settlements of Cossacks as Staniza. In the 19th century it was official administrative-territorial units and their centers in the strict sense, especially in the original settlement areas of the Cossacks in the European part of Russia and in the foothills of the Caucasus. In other urban areas, such as Siberia were, though informally referred to these settlements as Stanizen, but did not have the official administrative status.
Organization
To a Staniza could include several smaller villages. The Cossack population of a Cossack village was the Stanizengemeinschaft (Russian станичное общество ), whose organ ( сбор Russian станичный or сход ) the Stanizenversammlung was. These Cossack from all existing homeowners ( from 1891 only selected ) meeting in turn elected the Stanizenverwaltung consisting of Ataman, helpers of the Ataman and treasurer, as well as the Stani Zenger view. In addition, the General Assembly gave the land and the obligations of the individual members of the community, the common grain storage and the school managed. The Stani Zenger layer negotiated minor criminal and civil cases.
Current Status
In today's Russia, introduced in times of the Soviet Union formal administrative status was maintained. A Cossack village is therefore a priority inhabited by Cossacks settlement village type on the territory of the traditional main settlement areas of the Cossacks ( Federal District Southern Federal District ).
There are Stanizen in the regions of Krasnodar (192) and Stavropol (32 ), the Rostov oblasts (67) and Volgograd (40 ) as well as the republics of Adygea (6 ), Ingushetia, Kabardino -Balkaria ( 5), Karachay -Cherkessia (6 ), North Ossetia -Alania (7) and Chechnya ( numbers according to the official Russian local classification OKATO, Booth 2006; details for Ingushetia and Chechnya are missing).
Significant Stanizen
Some Stanizen today have more inhabitants than many Russian towns and quite urban in character. Nevertheless, the city law was given only in exceptional cases, such as 1999 Mikhailovsk ( previously Schpakowskoje ) today with 70 981 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010 ), which, however, only until 1870 the status Staniza possessed and was inhabited since been mixed as Selo.
Many larger Stanizen act as administrative centers of Rajons, as well as most of. Listed below with a population over 20,000 ( according to data from the census of 14 October 2010)