Tana Toraja Regency

- 3.1119.85Koordinaten: 3 ° 6 ' S, 119 ° 51 ' E

Tana Toraja is a government district ( kabupaten ) in the province of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. With an area of 1,990 km ² and almost 250,000 inhabitants (2007 ) it is home to the ethnic group of Toraja. The seat of government is Makale, the cultural center of Toraja country is Rantepao, but which is the seat of the administrative district of Toraja Utara, which was spun off in 2008 from Tana Toraja. Tana Toraja is very mountainous. The amount varies 150-3083 meters above sea level.

History

The name Toraja is from the Buginese to- riaja and means something like " people up there ", which settled in the lowland Bugis designated the highlanders. Only later the name was adopted by Europeans and by the inhabitants as a self-designation. The region was originally a very decentralized divided into many individual Tongkonanstrukturen that mutually often warred with each other. The original settlement was focused around the Sa'dantal between today and Rantepao Makale. The outlying areas were gradually colonized by new Tochtertongkonans were founded in valleys that were suitable for rice cultivation. It was not until about 1860 developed with the cultivation of coffee a Torajas involvement in a nationwide sales network. Simultaneously with the coffee trade is a trade developed with European firearms and cotton fabrics from the Bugisstaaten the east and south to Toraja, while coffee or ( Toraja ) slaves of the Bugisstaaten and Arab traders from Toraja were exported. The two trade routes led east to the port city and seat of the Bugisreichs Luwu Palopo or south to the port town of Pare Pare - of Bugisgebietes Sidenreng. 1906 marched the Dutch after taking the Bugisreiche Bone and Luwu 1905 in Toraja. Especially in the west and north to Pangala ' made ​​the people strong resistance. The borders Tana Toraja were established during the Dutch East India reign in 1909. Christianity, which now houses the majority of the residents are not formally part, came with Dutch missionaries in 1913 after Toraja and was able to increase its share in the following decades more and more. In the 1920s, the Reformed Missionary Alliance of the Dutch Reformed Church began their missionary work, supported by the Dutch colonial government. In addition to the introduction of Christianity, the Dutch colonial rulers abolished slavery and imposed local taxes. 1926 Tana Toraja was placed under the administration of the Bugis state Luwu. In the 1930s, Muslims attacked from the lowlands the Toraja what to Christianity under which led to a wave of conversion, they promised protection by the Dutch and it formed a movement against the Muslim Bugis and Makassar. 1942 published Japanese occupation forces in Toraja. 1946 was the region the status of a regentschap and 1957 it received the status of an administrative district ( Kabupaten. Early Dutch missionaries, however, faced strong opposition among Toraja opposite, especially the nobility, because he was angered by the abolition of the profitable slave trade. Some Toraja were forcibly relocated by the Dutch in the lowlands, where they could be more easily controlled. Taxes were kept high, undermining the wealth of the aristocrats. Ultimately, could the Dutch influence not subject the culture of the Toraja, and few Torajans converted to Christianity. Until 1950 only 10% of the population were converted to Christianity. between 1951 and 1965 ( after independence ), was ruled in southern Sulawesi, a turbulent period since the Muslim separatist movement Darul Islam for an Islamic state Sulawesi fought. 15 years guerrilla warfare led to massive conversions to Christianity among the Toraja. However, loyalty to the Indonesian government did not guarantee for the safety of Toraja. In 1965 undertook a presidential decree every Indonesian citizen to profess one of five officially recognized religions companies: Islam, Christianity ( Protestantism and Catholicism ) Hinduism or Buddhism. The religion of the Toraja, Aluk was not legally recognized and the Torajans raised their voices against the law. To legalize Aluk, it had to be accepted as part of one of the official religions. In 1969 was Aluk To Dolo ( "the way of ancestors" ) as a sect of Hinduism Dharma as the official name of Hinduism in Indonesia was legalized. Today Toraja is a popular destination for cultural tourists. In addition, many Western anthropologists have studied the local culture.

Culture

See Toraja.

Religion

The official website of the district Tana Toraja know 2006 ( before the spin-off of Toraja Utara, numbers ie for both districts combined) following figures: Protestants: 65.15 % Catholics 16.97 %, Islam: 5.99 % and Toraja "Hindu" ( Aluk to Dolo): 5.99 %.

Attractions

The following traditional Toraja settlements were set by the Indonesian Ministry of Culture on the " Tentative List" of UNESCO for nominations:

  • Lemo: Rock tombs with galleries of Tau Tau statues
  • Tumakke: individual Tongkonan with rice storage on a raised terrace, 10 km west of Macalle

Additional points of interest

  • Buntu Kalando - 11 km east of Makale: Museum Buntu Kalando at Sangalla
  • Sirope ( 6 km north of Makale ): rock graves and tau-tau
  • Kambira - 10 km east of Makale: Baby grave trees
  • Suaya / Sang Galla - 11 km east of Makale: In Tampangallo rock tombs with galleries of Tau Tau statues of the descendants of Puang Tamboro Langi 'and the kings of Sang Galla. Next there is a place for ritual ceremonies of the nobles Rabtelobe with some standing stones. It is believed that the kings of Sangalla of Tamboro Langi ' descended, is said to have introduced the caste system, funeral rites and agricultural techniques in Toraja and is said that he came down on a stone staircase from the sky. However, in addition to the descendants of the kings of Sangalla take the aristocrats of Menkendek and Macalle of Tamboro Langi ' descended.
  • Sarambu assing waterfall
  • Tilangnga ': natural pool, 11 km from Makale

Economy

Prior to Suharto's " New Order " the economy Torajas was purely agrarian, with cultivated wet rice paddy cultivation in terraces on the mountain slopes and in addition cultivation of sweet potatoes and corn. Much time and energy was expended for the rearing of water buffalo, pigs and chickens, which were mainly ceremonial sacrifices and self-consumption. The only agricultural industry in Toraja was a Japanese coffee factory ( Kopi Toraja ). With the beginning of the New Order in 1965, Indonesia's economy developed and opened to foreign investment. Multinational companies such as oil and mining companies opened new branches in Indonesia. Especially younger Torajas went to for the foreign companies to work to Kalimantan for timber and oil, or in the Indonesian province of Papua for mining or in the cities of Sulawesi and Java. The rate of migration of Toraja was constant until 1985.

The focus of the industry in Toraja shifted gradually from 1984 to tourism. Between 1984 and 1997 many Toraja earned their income with tourism, working in hotels, as tour guides, or selling souvenirs. With increasing political and economic instability in Indonesia in the late 1990s, including religious conflicts in Sulawesi tourism was dramatically back in Tana Toraja. The region is still dominated agrarian today. Main products are vegetables, sweet potatoes, rice, coffee, cloves, cocoa and vanilla. Whether the coffee growing came to Toraja by the Dutch or by Arab traders or Bugis, is not clear. However, commercial importance it gained in the last third of the 19th century. There are two centers of coffee production in the north to Pangala ' and to the west a triangle south of Rantetayo. Arabica coffee from Toraja is estimated under the name ' Bungin ' on the world market because of its quality. The name Bungin derived from the same port city, led the coffee trade routes of Toraja via the. There are six traditional markets, each of which take place every six days and then move on to the next location:

  • Pasar Makale
  • Pasar Rantepao
  • Pasar Ge'tengan
  • Pasar Sangalla '
  • Pasar Rembon
  • Pasar Salubarani

Administrative divisions

The district Tana Toraja consists of 19 administrative districts ( Kecamatan ) (as of 2010):

Administrative centre Pare-Pare Sidenreng Rappang Regency Bone state Darul Islam (Indonesia) Java (disambiguation) Coffea arabica Digital Object Identifier Bantaeng Regency Barru Regency Bone Regency Bulukumba Regency Enrekang Regency Gowa Regency Jeneponto Regency North Luwu Regency North Toraja Regency East Luwu Regency Pinrang Regency Selayar Islands Regency Sinjai Regency Soppeng Regency Takalar Regency Wajo Regency
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