Hammer throw
Hammer Throw (also hammer throw ) is a discipline of athletics or heavy athletics, which is a " hammer throw ", today, is considered to hurl as far as possible, a metal ball on a steel wire.
The athlete has to swing Get a circle of 2.135 meters in diameter (7 English feet ) are available. He uses these to circulate the hammer initially with both arms to accelerate as much as possible before dropping him.
The Hammer Throw Men weighs including the handle 7.26 kg (16 pounds), with women four kilograms. He thus has the same weight as the bumper ball putting the shot.
The hammer throw as a modern sport originated in the 19th century in Scotland and Ireland where you originally threw provided with a wooden handle weight.
In the Olympic Games program the hammer throw for men since 1900. For women since 1997 it is in international competitions since 2000 and held at the Olympic Games.
The best hammer thrower reach among men ranges to 85 meters (world record: 86.74 m) and in women by 75 meters (world record: 79.42 m).
- 6.2.1 Men
- 6.2.2 Women
- 6.4.1 Men
- 6.4.2 Women
- 6.5.1 Men
- 6.5.2 Women
History
Competitions in the wide throw a forging hammer are occupied from the Middle Ages in Ireland and Scotland. The first throws a weight with a rigid " handle " are known from England and Ireland from the first half of the 19th century.
The rules for the hammer throw was written in 1887 in England. While the mass of the weight early on 16 pounds ( 7.257 kg ) was determined, the type of shedding changed several times. Initially, it was allowed to take an arbitrarily long run and to transgress the discharge line after the throw.
It was later thrown out of a circle: the diameter was in England established in 1878 to 7 English feet ( 2,135 m), 1887-1909 (2.73 m) was also thrown from a 9 -foot circle.
Likewise, the length of the wire is changed, depending on the weight. Only in the 20th century, the final length of 4 English feet ( 1,219 m) was established. The hammer used today by the men was introduced in 1912.
In Germany, the first competition in hammer throwing was held in May 1893 in Berlin with a 12 -pound hammer instead. Until the early 20th century hammer throw was hardly noticed in Germany; official German records were registered through the mid-1920s. The first significant German hammer thrower was Max Furtwengler (* 1881), who threw one arm and with only a half turn. He increased the German personal best of 29.84 meters in 1909 to 43.05 m in 1926.
Competition Rules
In competition, the eight best hammer thrower have six attempts. The greatest width decides on victory and places, with the same width decide the next best attempts.
The circuit must be left until after the impact of the hammer and just to the rear and out of the safe state when launched so that the throw is awarded valid.
Unlike the other throwing events, the hammer thrower may wear gloves or wrap individual fingers with bandages.
A throw is only valid when the hammer lands in a marked, acute-angled sector. This has as well as the shot put and discus throw an opening of 34.92 °. This " non-round " value results from a triangle that has for easy marking the union sector side lengths of two times 20 meters and 12 meters.
In order to protect people in the stadium before misguided throws, the hammer throw circle is surrounded by a protective cage that is open only at the top and toward the union sector. It has a height of seven meters, in some places of ten meters. From the center of the throwing circle, he is at least 3.50 meters. The mesh of the protective cage can be made of ropes or metal wire and have a speed of the hammer of 32 meters per second (115 km / h) was observed.
The rules for the hammer throw competitions are laid down in the rules 187, 191 and the technical IAAF competition rules.
Physics of the hammer throw
- Off velocity: For a 75 - meter throw a departure rate of about 27 to 28 meters per second ( m / s ) is necessary. When this rate is five percent, about 1.4 m / s increases, which results in constant departure angle to a wide gain of about seven meters. Therefore, the departure rate has a much greater significance than the departure angle.
- Departure Height: Their influence on the width is very small. A larger departure altitude leads to about an equal distance gain. When the hammer dropped, for example from 1.60 m instead of 1.40 meters, brings about 19 centimeters (based on a take-off velocity of 24 m / s). A great athlete has so against a minor with the same force and the same technique, only small benefits.
- Departure angle: The Grapplehammer describes a ballistic curve ( parabola, slate throw), that has the best possible departure angle of 45 °. However, since the hammer is dropped from an elevated position (Law of the oblique -throw ), the actual best departure angle is only about 44 °. A deviation of two degrees, around five percent, the throw deteriorated by about two feet.
- Wind: Air resistance plays a minor role in the hammer throw, so wind affected the width only slightly. A wind speed of 5 m / s affects a 80 -meter-throw by about one percent. Tailwind leads to a gain of about 90 centimeters wide, headwind reduces the size of a litter by about 80 centimeters.
Milestones
Men:
- First registered length: 27.74 m (16 - pound hammer with wooden handle ), Adam Wilson ( GBR), May 10, 1828 in Hunter's Tryst
- First registered length by today's rules ( 2,135 -meter circle): 30,12 m, Edmund Baddeley (GBR ), April 15, 1878
- First official world record: 57.77 m, Pat Ryan ( USA), August 17, 1913 (first improving the world record on 27 August 1938 by Erwin Blask ( GER) 59.00 m)
- First length over 60 meters: 60.34 m, József Csermák (HUN ), July 24, 1952
- First length over 70 meters: 70.33 m, Hal Connolly (USA), August 12, 1960
- First length over 80 meters: 80.14 m, Boris Saitschuk (URS ), July 9, 1978
Women:
- First registered length: 17,03 m, Lucinda Moles ( ESP), June 29, 1931 in Madrid
- First length over 40 meters: 41.99 m, Carol Cady (USA), April 10, 1982
- Getting width of over 50 meters: 53.65 m, Carol Cady (USA), April 28, 1984
- First length over 60 meters: 61,20 m, Aya Suzuki ( JPN), April 30, 1989
- First official world record: 66.84 m, Olga Kusenkowa (RUS ), February 23, 1994
- First length over 70 meters: 71.22 m, Olga Kusenkowa (RUS ), June 22, 1997
Successful athletes
Men:
- Triple Olympic champion: John Flanagan (USA) (1900, 1904, 1908)
- Two-time Olympic champion: Pat O'Callaghan (IRL ) (1928, 1932) Yuri Sedych (URS ) (1976, 1980), also 1988 Olympic silver medalist, world champion in 1991 and World Championship runner-up in 1983
- Two-time world champion: Sergei Litvinov (URS ) (1983, 1987), also Olympic champion in 1988 and Olympic silver in 1980 Andrei Abduwalijew ( TJK ) (1993, 1995), also Olympic Champion 1992 Ivan Zichan (BLR ) (2003, 2005),
Women:
- Yipsi Moreno (CUB ): Two times World Champion (2001 and 2003) and Olympic silver medalist in 2004
- Olga Kusenkowa (RUS ): Olympic champion in 2004, 2000 Olympic silver medalist, three-time world championship silver medalist (1999, 2001, 2003 )