Cardinal protector
As a cardinal protector is referred to those cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church, representing the respective ecclesiastical affairs of their country in the consistory and the Cardinal congregations.
A distinction between cardinal protectors for religious orders ( Protector Ordinis ) and those for individual countries ( protector Nationis ). First have been appointed since the beginning of the 13th century, for the first time last in 1425, regularly since the end of the 15th century. For the following countries the respective regents appointed cardinal protectors as their stakeholders on the Roman Curia: German nation, Austrian hereditary lands ( with Bohemia and Hungary ), Denmark, England, Flanders, France, Ireland, Poland, Portugal, Savoy, Scotland, Spain, Sweden with four protectorates ( Aragon, Castile, Naples, Sicily) and the Republics of Genoa and Ragusa.
They were entitled to the exclusive right to propose the new appointments to the bishoprics and monasteries of the countries represented by them in the Curia in Rome and to lecture.
Since 1517 the protectors appointed themselves protectors as Vice representatives who were also cardinals. These were Komprotektoren 1621, which were also appointed by the regents. Usually latter represented the shops in Rome, while the actual cardinal protectors usually had to manage their own diocese or other tasks and actually only had an honorary title. At times, two Komprotektoren were also appointed. Conversely, were temporarily not both items at the same time occupied.
The K. were unnecessary, as the States einrichteten increasingly permanent envoys and ambassadors at the Roman Curia. Last owner was, until his death in 1930, the Cardinal Protector of Portugal, Vincenzo Vannutelli. The following are the cardinal protectors and Vice - or Komprotektoren of the German nation ( Nationis Germanicae ) and the Austrian hereditary lands are ( Nationis austriacae ) and the Empire of Austria listed.
List of Cardinal Protectors
German nation
Cardinal Protectors
Vize-/Komprotektoren
Austrian hereditary lands
Cardinal Protectors
Vize-/Komprotektoren