Finno-Ugric languages

The Finno -Ugric languages ​​( also finnugrische or Finno - Finnish languages ​​) form the Uralic language family, together with the Samoyed branch. The Finno- Ugric languages ​​are divided into two branches: the Finnish and Ugric branch. The Finno -Ugric language speaking peoples called Finno - Ugrian or Finno- Ugric peoples.

Linguistic history

Today's Finno-Ugric languages ​​are similar to the Indo-European languages ​​the result of several divisions and language can be traced back to a hypothetical proto-language, the Ur - Finno - Ugric.

In the first splitting the original language is divided into the Finno- Permian and the Ugric branch. The Ugric language group split into the so-called Ob-Ugric languages ​​and in the original Hungarian, from which today's Hungarian emerged. In Finno- Permian branch of the Permian group, the Volga- Baltic Finnish and finally the Finnish group and the Sami has first emerged.

There is no doubt that the Finno- Ugric peoples had early contacts with the Indo-European world, as is demonstrated by numerous borrowings. So the number word for 100 is in Finnish sata, in Mordovian sada, in Mansischen sad, the Hungarian száz ( cf. Sanskrit Satam, Avestan satem ).

Classification of languages

The Finno- Ugric languages ​​are classified as follows:

Ugric languages

  • Hungarian
  • Obugrische languages Khanty ( Ostyak )
  • Mansi ( Wogulisch )

Finno - Permian languages

  • Permian languages Komi Komi - Syrjänisch
  • Komi - Permjakisch
  • Volga languages ​​[ outdated classification ] Marische languages Mari ( Tscheremissisch )
  • Ersjanisch
  • Moksha
  • Merjanisch †
  • Muromisch †
  • Meschtscherisch †
  • Sami languages ​​( Lapp languages) Westsamische languages South Sami
  • Umesamisch
  • Lule
  • Pitesamisch
  • North Sami
  • Kemisamisch †
  • Inari
  • Akkalasamisch †
  • Kildinsamisch
  • Skoltsamisch
  • Tersamisch
  • Finnish
  • Meänkieli or Tornedalfinnisch
  • Kvenisch (or Quänisch )
  • Ischorisch (or Ingrisch Inger or manic )
  • Karelian real Karelian
  • Lüdisch
  • Olonetzisch

The Mordovia and Mari languages ​​were formerly classified under the Volga languages, but this classification is questioned today because there is no common ground Volga Finnish language can be reconstructed. Therefore, these are more of a areal than a genetic classification.

The summary of the Sami languages ​​and the Baltic-Finnic languages ​​group of the Finno- Sami languages ​​is controversial.

Alphabetical list Finno- Ugric languages

  • Chan Tables language ( Ostyak, threatened with extinction )
  • Estonian language
  • Finnish language
  • Ischorische language ( Ingrisch, endangered language )
  • Karelian language
  • Komi: Permjakisch, Syrjänisch
  • Livonian language ( nearly extinct)
  • Mari ( Tscheremissisch ): Languages ​​of the "mountain" - and the " meadows " Mari
  • Mansische language ( Wogulisch, threatened with extinction )
  • Mordvinian Language: Mokschanische language and language Ersjanische
  • Sami language ( writing several languages)
  • Udmurt language ( Wotjakisch )
  • Hungarian language
  • Võro
  • Wepsische language
  • Wotische language ( extinct? )

General

Altogether there are about 25 million speakers. The Finno - Ugric is the science that deals with the Finno -Ugric languages. The following characteristics are the Finno- Ugric languages ​​typically:

  • The Finno -Ugric languages ​​are agglutinative languages ​​, that is, grammatical categories are expressed mainly by means of suffixes and postpositions and rarely also prefixes (especially Hungarian). Cf House - in my house: Finnish: talo - talossani
  • Mordvin: kudo - kudosom
  • Hungarian: ház - házamban
  • Finnish mennä - " go "; en mene - " I do not go "; et mene - " do not you "; ei mene - " he is not "
  • Komi ker - " make "; og ker - " I do not do "; on ker - " do not you "; oz ker - " he does not "
  • Könyvet olvasok - " I read a book " ( any )
  • A könyvet olvasom - " I read the book"

In principle there are several dominant characteristics, although not completely apply to all languages ​​, i.e., there are deviations from the majority. This does not mean that these languages ​​were not related, but that certain grammatical features have disappeared in some languages ​​(inner spontaneous development or external influence).

Language comparison

The following list is purely informative and no evidence of linguistic relationship. The historical comparative linguistics to reconstruct words common Finno-Ugric and Uralic origin. Due to the rather extensive body of basic words ( which also relate to basic everyday things, such as body parts, animal names, names of plants, weather, tools), the linguistic relationship is proven.

The beginning of the Lord's Prayer in various Finno- Ugric languages

The Numerals

While the cardinal numerals 1-6 are Finno- Ugric all, the number word for 7 is both in Finnish and in the Ugric languages ​​a loan from Indo-European, cf Sanskrit sapta. The number word for 10 corresponded in the original language the word for " number"; this is preserved even in Sami, Mari and Mansi. The number of words in the Komi and Udmurt and TIZ in Hungarian are borrowings from Iranian languages ​​.

Uralic languages Proto-Finno-Ugric language Mansi language Avestan language Khanty language Komi language Ume Sami language Kildin Sami language Ter Sami language Livvi-Karelian language Seto dialect Votic language Mari people Consonant gradation Vowel harmony Future tense Adessive case
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