Gmelina

Gmelina leichhardtii

Gmelina is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family ( Lamiaceae). The 31 species possess a purely paläotropische distribution.

• 4.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

Gmelina species usually grow as trees or large shrubs, rarely subshrubs. Young specimens often grow climbing. Some species have buttress roots. The bark of the trunks and branches is hairy hairless or with simple trichomes. The bark of the often thorny branches is hairy woolly.

The constantly against arranged on the branches leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The simple leaf blades are sometimes lobed and often have close to their base glandular spots. The lower leaf surface is often mealy gray.

Inflorescences and flowers

Composite are on terminal Blütenstandsschäften, richly branched zymöse or Rispige total inflorescences of short like Asia, which usually contain a few flowers. The bracts are leaf-like foliage. In some species the flowers are individually in the leaf axils.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic with a double perianth. Four or five tough sepals are fused Roehrig or bell- shaped, and the often oblique calyx ends trimmed or with four to five often unequal calyx teeth. On the sepals large glands are usually present. The five petals are fused into a corolla tube that is narrow at the base and widens towards the top. The crown is more or less two-lipped, the upper lip two-lobed and the lower lip is three-lobed. The average Kronlappen the lower lip is bigger than the lateral. The four stamens protrude beyond the corolla tube more than a little. The stamens are inserted at the bottom of the corolla tube. The anthers open with a longitudinal slot. The four carpels are fused to a constant above, vierkammerigen ovary. The thread-like style ends in a non- awl-shaped and bilobed or scar.

Fruit and seeds

On the dry stone fruits are still the enlarged sepals present. The endocarp is hard and the mesocarp fleshy. The stone fruits contain four or because not have to develop all ovules, two or three seeds.

System

The genus Gmelina was erected in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 2, p 626. Type species is Gmelina asiatica L. The genus name honors the botanist Johann Georg Gmelina Gmelin.

The genus Gmelina belongs to the subfamily Viticoideae within the family of Lamiaceae, it was formerly placed in the family Verbenaceae.

The genus Gmelina has a paläotropische distribution. All species occur naturally only from the Indian subcontinent over southern China and Southeast Asia to Malaysia's and into northern Australia, also on some Pacific islands. For example, in tropical Africa are some types neophytes.

The genus Gmelina contains 31 since 2012, formerly of up to 35 species:

• Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm ( Syn: Gmelina rheedei Hook. ): She's coming to Sri Lanka, found in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam and southern China.
• Gmelina asiatica L. (syn.: Gmelina parviflora Roxb, Gmelina parviflora pers, Gmelina attenuata HRFletcher, Gmelina paniculata HRFletcher. ): It is common in Sri Lanka, India, Burma, Thailand, China and Vietnam.
• Gmelina australis de Kok: It occurs only in the Australian state of Northern Territory.
• Gmelina basifilum de Kok: It occurs in New Guinea and New Britain.
• Gmelina chinensis Benth. It comes in southern China, Laos, and Vietnam.
• Gmelina dalrympleana ( F.Muell. ) HJLam: It occurs in Australia and New Guinea.
• Gmelina delavayana Dop: It occurs only in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Gmelina elliptica Sm: It occurs in India, Burma, South China, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines.
• Gmelina EVOLUTA ( Däniker ) Mabb. It occurs in New Caledonia.
• Gmelina fasciculiflora Benth. It occurs in Australia.
• Gmelina hollrungii de Kok ( Syn: Gmelina macrophylla Schumann): It occurs in the Moluccas, New Guinea, Australia and the Solomon Islands.
• Gmelina lecomtei Dop: It occurs in Laos, Vietnam and the Chinese provinces of Yunnan, Kwangtung and Hainan.
• Gmelina ledermannii HJLam: It occurs in New Guinea.
• Gmelina leichhardtii ( F.Muell. ) Benth. It is distributed in Australia.
• Gmelina lepidota Scheff. ( Syn: Gmelina misoolensis Moldenke, Gmelina lepidota var lanceolata Moldenke ): It occurs in the Moluccas, New Guinea and New Britain to.
• Gmelina lignum - vitreous Guillaumin: This endangered species is endemic to New Caledonia.
• Gmelina magnifica Mabb. It occurs in New Caledonia.
• Gmelina moluccana (Blume ) Backer ex K.Heyne ( syn.. Gmelina macrophylla Wall ex Schauer, Gmelina glandulosa Hallier f, Gmelina sessilis var ramiflora Moldenke ): It comes in the Moluccas, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands before.
• Gmelina neocaledonica S.Moore: It occurs in New Caledonia.
• Gmelina palawensis HJLam: There are two subspecies: Gmelina palawensis subsp. celebica ( Moldenke ) de Kok: It is endemic to Sulawesi.
• Gmelina palawensis H.J.Lam subsp. palawensis: It is endemic to the Palau Islands.

Since 2012, no longer to the genus Gmelina include:

• Gmelina indica Burm. f → Flacourtia indica ( Burm. f ) Merr.
• Gmelina siamica Moldenke → Wightia speciosissima ( D.Don ) Merr.
• Gmelina speciosissima D.Don = Gmelina tacabushia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don → Wightia speciosissima ( D.Don ) Merr.

Use

Some species ( Gmelina asiatica Gmelina elliptica, Gmelina philippinensis ) are used as ornamental plants. The wood of some species ( Gmelina arborea ) is used. Gmelina arborea is used for reforestation. Some types of medical effects have been investigated.

Swell

• Shou- liang Chen & Michael G. Gilbert: Verbenaceae: Gmelina, pp. 22 - text Registered as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi and Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 17 - Verbenaceae through Solanaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1994. ISBN 0-915279-24- X (sections description, distribution and systematics)
• Rogier de Kok: A revision of the genus Gmelina ( Lamiaceae). In: Kew Bulletin, Volume 67, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 293-329. ISSN 0075-5974, ISSN 1874- 933X: doi: 10.1007/s12225-012-9382-4 PDF. (Sections Description, distribution and systematics)