Hangul
U AC00 .. U D7AF U 1100 .. U 11 FF U 3130 .. U 318 F
The Korean alphabet ( Chosŏn'gŭl / Hangul ) is a letter font that is used for the Korean language. It is neither a logo graphic signature like the Chinese character nor a syllabary as the Japanese hiragana or katakana. The individual letters are each syllables combined so that each syllable fit into an imaginary square. The Korean alphabet was created in the 15th century and is with very small changes today, the official script for the Korean in North Korea, South Korea and the People's Republic of China. In part, the Korean alphabet is mixed with Chinese characters used.
In this article, the debate is always indicated in IPA. Phonetic transcriptions are enclosed in square brackets [...], phonemic transcriptions between slashes / ... /; Spoken syllables are separated by a dot. Transliterations of Korean spellings are in angle brackets <...>.
- 5.1 Older writings
- 5.2 New font
- 5.3 modernization
- 5.4 prohibition
- 6.1 legends
- 6.2 tradition
- 6.3 ' Phagspa
- 8.1 Unicode
- 8.2 input
Name
Until the early 20th century, the writing was usually called "people magazine".
In North Korea and China in the font Chosŏn'gŭl is named after the state name [ ʦo.sən ] 조선 /朝鲜or after the name of the ethnic group in China, or simply " our journal".
In South Korea, the font is the same as in North Korea and China called for T. " our journal", but usually Hangeul, according to the state name [ha ː n.ɡuk̚ ] 한국 /韩国( Han'guk ); this designation was first compiled by the linguist Sigyŏng Chu (周 时 经; 1876-1914 ) were used.
Form
The modern Korean alphabetical order of the letters and their names are each slightly different in North Korea and South Korea.
Consonants
The following table shows the consonant letters, inter alia, with the McCune -Reischauer ( MR), Yale and the so-called " Revised Romanization " are given (RR) of South Korea's Culture and Tourism Ministry.
These are the order and the names in North Korea.
The letter ㅇ is undertaken only as / ŋ / at the end of a syllable in this order;
Words in which he acts as a vowel syllable carrier at the beginning shall be classified at the end of the alphabet among the vowels.
In North Korea, the letter designations are phonologically completely regular / Ci.ɯC /, where C stands for the respective consonants.
Some letters have in South Korea other names, which go back to Ch'oe SEJIN (see below): ㅅ [ si.ot̚
] 시옷.
The duplicated characters for display of the tense consonants were formerly in Korea as "hard" ( [ tø ː n] 된 ) refers; in North Korea, they are up to now so called, in South Korea, however, they are now referred to as a "double" ( [s ͈ an] 쌍 /双: [s ͈ aŋ.ɡi.jək̚ ] 쌍기역, [s ͈ aŋ.di.ɡɯt̚ ] 쌍디귿 etc.).
In South Korea there are several standard alphabetical sequences, which are all based on the following scheme:
The sign ㅇ is always performed in this order, no matter whether it is for / ŋ / is only as a vowel or syllable at the beginning of carrier serves. Whether a character is doubled consonants in word-initial or not, is ignored in the sorting; with otherwise homonymous words, the word with the double consonant character is readjusted. Double consonants and consonant combinations characters at the end of words are either ignored or extra- sorted, and in the following order:
Combinations of consonants at the end of a syllable are ( [ pat̚.ʦ ʰ in ] 받침 ) called " base ", eg for
Vowels
The vowel letters and letter combinations have no special name. The vowel length is distinctive meaning in Korean; in Korean document, however, do not distinguish between long and short vowels.
This is the order of the vowels in North Korea. The order in South Korea is as follows:
Syllables
The letters are assembled into more or less square blocks, each corresponding to one syllable. In each written syllable, there are three positions: initial sound, nucleus and final position. At syllables starting with a vowel, the first position is filled with the sign ㅇ. The second position is filled with a vowel or diphthong letters. The third position is filled either with a consonant letter or remains empty.
Depending on the shape of the written character syllables are put together in different ways:
In ㅣ and the derived vowel signs, the sign for the Anlautkonsonanten left.
Examples - , :
At < ɯ > ㅡ and the derived vowel signs, the sign for the Anlautkonsonanten above.
Examples -
The diphthong characters that have both a long horizontal as well as a long vertical bar is used to indicate the Anlautkonsonanten top left.
Examples -
The sign of the Auslautkonsonanten are each below.
Examples -
The letters each represent a change in the composition of little their shape so that the syllable approximately fits into a square.
Spelling
The modern spelling is essentially morphophonemisch, that is, each morpheme is always written the same even if the pronunciation varies.
Some phonological distinctive features are not distinguished in Scripture. The length or shortness of vowels is significant distinctive, however, is not expressed in Scripture: The word [ pə ː l] 벌 " bee ", for example, written as well as the word [ pəl ] 벌 /罚" punishment". The tense pronunciation of consonants is not always expressed in the Scriptures: [ ka ː ŋ.ɡa ] 강가 /江 가 "Riverside " is written the same as [ kaŋ.k ͈ a] 강가 /降 嫁" Marriage under the subject".
When the script was created, the letters were arranged substantially in accordance with the spoken syllables to form blocks. Later - especially after a proposal by 1933 - was no longer written by spoken syllables, but morphophonemisch. Examples:
- [ha ː n.ɡu.ɡin ] " (South) Koreans " is
한국인 (instead 한구 긴 ) written because it made the morphemes / ha ː n / / kuk / " ( South) korea "and / in / " man " is. - [ KAP ] " Price " is written
값, for example if the Nominativsuffix / i / attention occurs, the word [ kap̚.si ] is spoken ( and written 값 이 ). The phoneme / s / is part of the tribe, although it will ( if the word is used without suffix) is not realized at the end of the word. - [ ki.p ɯn ʰ ] " be deep " is
기픈 ) written because the root / kip ʰ / is and / ɯn / is a suffix, that is, the / p ʰ / ᄑ belongs to the tribe. The principle applies to all derivatives: [ kip̚.k ͈ o] "deep and " - [ kim.ni ] " it is deep? "
김니 ) and - [ ki.p ʰ i] " depth"
Morphophonemischer sound change is generally not considered in the Scriptures.
Spaces and punctuation
Words are separated by spaces, with all suffixes and particles are written together with the preceding word. There are essentially the same punctuation as used in European languages .
Direction
The syllables were originally, as with the Chinese writing in columns written from top to bottom and the columns are arranged from right to left. Books were therefore read from a European perspective "from behind". With modern printed products but the writing direction is as described in European languages, from left to right in the row, which are arranged from top to bottom.
Varieties
There are some differences in spelling between North and South Korea. In the standard variety of North Korea ( " cultural language " ) the phoneme / l / in Sino Korean words is always [ ɾ ] also spoken at the beginning of a syllable and the word inside and also written. In the standard variety of South Korea ("standard language" ), it is often either not implemented according to specific rules or spoke [ n] and partial ( word-initial ) rewritten as:
In South Korea, thereby morphophonetische principle is broken in favor of an approach to the debate:
Other words are written differently in some cases in North Korea and South Korea.
Use of Chinese characters
Currently in South Korea is partly a combination of Chinese characters and Korean alphabet used in North Korea, Chinese characters are practically no longer used.
According to a royal decree of 1894, all government documents should be written solely with the Korean alphabet. The decree, however, was largely ignored. It appeared at least two newspapers exclusively in the Korean alphabet, but other newspapers used Chinese characters for loanwords from the Chinese and the Korean alphabet for pure Korean words and suffixes and particles. This mixed spelling prevailed generally.
In North Korea, the use of Chinese characters in 1949 abolished in everyday life. Later, in part, a certain number of Chinese characters has been taught in schools; they are not used practically in printed media and in everyday life.
The South Korean National Assembly passed a law in 1948, which required the exclusive use of the Korean alphabet. This was followed in the school system, but not in the media and other sectors of society. 1956 and 1957 was followed by presidential decrees, which also had little success. 1964 wrote the Ministry of Education that 1,300 common Chinese characters are taught in schools. 1970, the use of Chinese characters in documents and school books was banned again. From 1972 1.800 Chinese characters were taught in secondary schools and 1975 again appeared appropriate textbooks. However, newspapers and scientific publications are limited usually not on this 1,800 Chinese characters.
In texts that are otherwise written exclusively with the Korean alphabet, Chinese characters are sometimes given in order to clarify the etymology or the importance of proper names and homophones. So the name was specified in the passport in Latin, Korean, and a few years ago in the Chinese characters.
History
Older writings
Originally the only written language was classical Chinese in Korea.
From the early Koryo dynasty, a system called [ hjaŋ.ʦ ʰ al ] 향찰 /鄕 札was ( " local letter" ) used to write pure Korean texts with Chinese characters.
To 692 CE to Minister Sŏlch'ong薛 聪officials font Ridu invented and systematized. With this system, especially proper names, songs and poems and notes have been written on Chinese-language texts. Korean words were either according to the rebus principle with Chinese characters similar meaning ( logograms, see synonymy ) or similar pronunciation with Chinese characters ( phonograms; see homonymy ) wrote:
In the 13th century, Simplified Chinese characters called Gugyeol ( [ ku.ɡjəl ] 구결 /口诀or to [t ʰ o] 토 /吐) were used for annotating Chinese texts or to a sound playback Korean syllables.
New font
Middle of the 15th century an alphabet of 17 consonants and 11 vowels was created under King Sejong finally. The text is presented in the work The right sounds for the instruction of the people (训 民 正音), the King Sejong itself is attributed. At the same comment explanations and examples appeared to be the correct sounds for the instruction of the people (训 民 正音 解 例) by scholars of the Royal Academy of worthy (集贤 殿). Both books are written in Chinese.
The first work that was written in the new alphabet, were the songs skyward flying dragon (龙飞 御 天歌), which sings of the founding of the Choson Dynasty and the predecessor of Sejong:
In 1449 the first book was printed in the new alphabet with metal letters. However, it is not obtained.
In 1527 arranged Ch'oe SEJIN崔世珍( 1478? -1543 ) The letters in his Chinese textbook Hunmong Chahoe训 蒙 字 会new and gave some consonants names whose first syllable each with its own respective volume begins and the second syllable with the According to corresponding ends:
- ㄱ
其 役/ ki.jək / - ㄴ
尼 隐/ ni.ɯn / - ㄷ
池 末/ ti.kɯt / - ㄹ
梨 乙/ li.ɯl / - ㅁ
眉 音/ mi.ɯm / - ㅂ
非 邑/ pi.ɯp /
- ㅅ
时 衣/ si.əs / - ㆁ < ŋ >异 凝/ ŋi.ɯŋ /
Modernization
The vowel letter ㆍ < ɐ > that ㅆ ㅈ < ʦ >, ㅉ < ʦ ͈ > and ㅊ < ʦ ʰ > (namely ᄼ, ᄽ, ᅎ, ᅏ and ᅔ and ᄾ, ᄿ, ᅐ, ᅑ and ᅕ ) and many combinations of vowel signs that are no longer used today.
The Korean of the 15th century was a tonal language and the sounds were originally marked in Scripture by dots to the left of the syllable block. These tone marks were later also abolished, although in modern Korean crush the corresponding phonemes in part (as vowel length).
Ban
Shortly after the inclusion of Korea in the Japanese Empire in 1910 Japanese was introduced as the sole national language. The use of the Korean language and writing was, with the exception of a few newspapers, banned and repressed by the Japanese and also no longer taught from 1942 to de facto independence in 1945 in schools.
Declaration of letterforms
According to the traditional view, the graphically simplest consonants are simplified illustrations of the organs of speech in pronouncing the corresponding sounds. According to research results by Gari Ledyard L. The sign of the phonetically simple consonants of the ' Phagspa font are derived.
Legends
There are numerous legends about the font and its origin. According to legend, she was inspired by the lattice work on traditional Korean doors; eat according to another legend of the patterns that silkworms in the mulberry leaves.
Tradition
The three original vocal base characters are designed to represent cosmological ideas according to sky ( ㆍ < ɐ > ), earth ( ㅡ < ɯ > ) and man ( ㅣ ). For all other vowels and diphthongs them are derived. The point was in these combinations later short at a stroke. In the following, only the combinations are still in use are listed:
- → ㅏ ㅣ → ㅑ
- ㅣ → ㅓ < ə > → ㅕ
- ㅡ < ɯ > → ㅗ
→ ㅛ - ㅡ < ɯ > → ㅜ → ㅠ
Other derivations, with a suffix ㅣ:
- → ㅐ ㅏ < ɛ >
- ㅑ
→ ㅒ - ㅓ < ə > → ㅔ
- ㅕ
→ ㅖ - ㅡ < ɯ > → ㅢ < ɰi >
- ㅗ
→ ㅚ < ø > - ㅜ → ㅟ
Other derivations,
Other derivations, preceded by ㅜ:
- ㅓ < ə > → ㅝ
( < ə > ) - ㅔ
→ ㅞ ( < ə > )
The graphically simplest five consonants intended to reflect the position of the organs of speech in pronouncing the corresponding sounds:
- ㄱ
intended to represent the root of the tongue blocking the throat ( from the left). - ㄴ
intended to represent the tip of the tongue in contact with the alveoli ( from the left). - ㅁ
to represent the lips. - ㅅ
intended to represent the incisors. - ㅇ < Ø > is intended to represent a cross-section through the neck.
According to this idea, the two letters ㄱ ㄴ are and < Ø > simplified pictures of the involved organs of speech.
The remaining consonants are derived from these letters:
- ㄱ
→ ㅋ → ㄷ ㄴ → ㅌ - ㅅ
→ ㅈ < ʦ > → ㅊ < ʦ ʰ > - ㅇ < Ø > → ㆆ < ʔ > → ㅎ
This would be the first and only time that articulatory features have been incorporated into the design of a font. This assumption, however, is controversial.
' Phagspa
The Korean alphabet was not created in a vacuum intellectual. King Sejong was well versed in traditional Chinese phonology and had studied the writings of the neighboring countries of Korea.
After Gari K. Ledyard and other linguists at least phonetically simplest five characters ( and < ʦ > ) of the corresponding character of ' Phagspa font
( ꡂ
According to this theory, the Korean script could ultimately to the same Semitic origin traced back as India, Europe and Southeast Asia as well as Hebrew and Arabic fonts;
four of these five letters would thus be related to its Greek ( Γ, Δ, Λ, Β ) and Latin equivalents (C, D, L, B).
Modern printers used letters for syllables, not individual letters.
Therefore up to 2500 letters were needed for the set.
In the data processing on the computer rather than individual characters, but in each case all the syllable combinations are considered as units and encoded in the rule.
Since there are thousands of possible syllables, typing on the keyboard letter for letter and special software is converts the input letter by letter in a syllabic encoding and representation.
All 11,172 possible combinations of syllables that are needed for the posting of modern Korean, syllable by syllable were encoded in Unicode.
The Korean script is distributed in Unicode on four areas: whole syllables ( " Hangul Syllables " U AC00 to U D7A3 );
Anlautkonsonanten, vocal nuclei and Auslautkonsonanten ( " Hangul Jamo ", U 1100 to U 11 FF);
modern and no longer use letters for backward compatibility with EUC -KR ( " Hangul Compatibility Jamo ", U 3131 to U 318 E);
and half-width characters (parts of "Half Width and Full Width Forms ," U to U FFDC FFA0 ).
There are several Korean keyboard layouts.
The most common keyboard layout in South Korea called [ tu ː bəl.sik̚. ] 두벌식;
In this assignment, the character consonant with the left and the vowel signs are struck with the right hand.
If you do not have Korean keyboard available, you can use the translator to enter the virtual keyboard in Google.
Until recently, the two most commonly used systems for transcription of the Korean in the Latin alphabet, the McCune - Reischauer romanization and the Yale transcription were.
The Yale transcription is mainly used in linguistic works and partly in textbooks, the McCune - Reischauer system in all other scientific publications.
The Yale transcription essentially follows the notation with Korean characters;
the phonemes / n / and / l / at the beginning of a syllable in Sino Korean words that are not pronounced in South Korea, in part, be n with the superscript letters and l called and the phoneme at the end of a syllable, the case of compositions a tense pronunciation of the consonants
causes is transcribed than q.
Long vowels are indicated by a macron ( horizontal line above the vowel letters ).
The McCune -Reischauer transcription is more similar to the phonetic realization.
Neither Yale nor the McCune -Reischauer transcription can be derived directly from the Korean typeface without knowing the language.
In 1984, the South Korean Ministry of Culture and Tourism has issued a new transcription system essentially based on the McCune - Reischauer - based transcription ( " Revised Romanization ").
) derived the ག < ɡ >, ད ) back.
Pressure
Computer
Unicode
Input
Transcription