Moin

Moin is a especially in North Germany, Luxembourg and the Southern part of Denmark ( Jutland ) - there usually written Mojn - common greeting that can be used at any time day or night. In each region moin used as a farewell - in other regions only as a morning greeting.

Alternative spellings in addition Mojn also Meun ( in the works Gorch Fock ), Moi'n ( example, Sun, 1889), ( gun) Moign at Otto Mensing, Otto Ernst Ludwig Frahm, the Moign also used as a parting phrase and later with various other writers. Moign greeting formulas are also known from southern regions of the German-speaking world. As a further notations can be probably the Moien / Moien in Luxembourg and the Moins in the Berne recovered.

Meanwhile, the greeting from the north has starting also found in many other parts of Germany dissemination. On both sides of the German - Danish border is Moin (or Mojn ) used today in all resident languages ​​, including their varieties and dialects. However, there are regional differences in conventions for use, which affects about the time of day, the formal aspect or the doubling ( " Moin moin ").

Traces in the 19th and early 20th century

Moin appeared in 1924 on the House calendar Ostfreesland. This house calendar is often regarded as the first written evidence of the Moin - greeting. Written traces rich but further back: After the surrender of North Schleswig to Denmark in 1920 Mojn ban there was demanded; the greeting itself is - according to this source - imported in 1900 as a short greeting morning in the northern Schleswig -Holstein by artisans, traders and conscripts from Berlin. There are a total for the region either side of the present-day German - Danish border differing data - including the indication that the greeting in Hovslund ( German: Haber Lund ) north of Rødekro ( German: Roth pitcher) is 1908 or 1909 arrived with labor. For the island of Helgoland in 1909 gu'n besides the greetings and Morjen gud Morjen also Moin is occupied. In the notation Meun the writer Gorch Fock used at the beginning of the 20th century in several of his works ( including in Godenwind Hein de Admirol vun Moskitonien 1911) the greeting and the greeting translated with Good Morning. Otto Ernst and Ludwig Frahm (see above) preferred in their works (Ernst, among others, in The Art of Travel Hümpeldorf 1905; Frahm in Minschen bi Hamborg Rüm 1919) the notation Moign. Arno Holz and Oskar Jerschke used Moin in their tragic comedy Traumulus (1905 ) and also in Gaudeamus! (1908 ). Wood and Jerschke lived at this time in Berlin, whereas Joh me Ranke, who was also in 1908 Moin De Lüde von'n Diekbenutzte, apparently from Bremen. In some cities in Switzerland ( such as in Basel, Bern, Biel, Zurich ) greeting Moin in the late 19th and early 20th century is occupied mainly among workers, students. In Zurich he plunges to about 1875. This greeting formula disappeared in Switzerland but again - or " mostly" back provided that Moin was in the Interlaken region (especially in the " Bödeli " ) is available for use today, and / or Moi in Graubünden should be a Restbleibsel. In the Journal of Folklore is 1891 moin as " vulgar German " and described as "a common form for good morning ". This does not sound like a spatially very limited awareness of the Moin - greeting at that time; the greeting Moin is also found in the 1880s and 1890s in a number of publications mention, such as the Swiss Ernst Tappolet 1895 (shortening of good morning on well - morn and gt- moin ) in George of the Gabelentz 1891 or at Hugo Ernst Mario Schuchardt 1885 (shortening of good Morning by G'Moin and G'Mo ). 1886 and 1887 attacked Danish language books already on Schuchardt shortening chain. 1889 B. wrote Sunday in the gazebo: students and junior officers have the privilege to shorten the abbreviated greeting " good morning " still and all day and night for each other their " Moi'n! Moi'n! " Shout. For the adjoining Ostfriesland Ammer country ( where Oldenburg Platt, not Ostfriesisches Platt is spoken ) is a document from 1888 before, is shown in the Moin as a shortening of the good morning greeting. Even earlier, in 1828, are Moin Moin! - Moin! Conversations in the Berlin - sheet for poetry, literature and criticism to find ( as a greeting among officers ). Also in this text Moin! with morning! explained.

According to this state exist first evidence for the occurrence in East Friesland in 1924, for in Hovslund (Haber Lund ) and for the on Helgoland in 1909, probably for the Bremen in 1908 ( Joh me Ranke ), for which in Hamburg 1904 ( Otto Ernst: A Comedy ), for the country in the Ammer 1888 for Zurich in 1875 and for the appearance in Berlin already 1828th

Origin

Moin is not a new greeting, as is often claimed; rather, it is since 200 years and detectable ( see above). The occurrence of greeting has been limited in the past, not only in the North of Germany occurrence in Switzerland and in Berlin is obvious. Is additionally take into account of similar salutations as in other Morn, Moi, Mui, whose relationship is assumed with Moin but not clearly documented, would add areas in several European countries. Undoubtedly, the greeting has begun its spread in North Germany ( present at a time when the evidence of the existence also of Luxembourg, Westphalia, Switzerland and from the area surrounding Berlin ) since the 1970s (re-? ); may also wore the cartoon character Werner ( comics since 1978, films since 1990) to the popularity increase of greeting. Meanwhile, the greeting is not only known in northern Germany, but is now used in Germany to the south. The etymology remains in contrast, in spite of many attempts to explain lineage present ultimately in the dark. In addition to Frisian and Low German, other languages ​​will be (eg Dutch), dialects (eg the berlinish ) or sociolects (eg by students, soldiers, sailors ) as root into consideration. It appears that existed around the turn of the century to the 20th century six separate areas in which it was known the Greeting: the region of Schleswig in Schleswig -Holstein, including the present Danish part of the Hamburg area, the relatively isolated island of Heligoland, the area between Dollard and Weser (Ostfriesland, bunting country, Bremen, and others), the Berlin area and the German -speaking Switzerland; an occurrence in other areas at this time ( eg Luxembourg ) is possible. Independent formation regions are not completely ruled out.

• Kueppers' Dictionary of German colloquial language diagnosed soldiers in 1900, it was " contracted " Tomorrow, " " and has hit " Begrüßungsruf in the morning ." In fact, there are several indications of an origin from the soldiers milieu. The specified date is, however, rebuttable; the first evidence dates back to the year 1828 (see above).
• A Low German etymology, after which it by moi ( pleasant, good, beautiful ) would be, is not sure, but seems in some regions - supported by various publications - to function as a folk etymology. This provenance has become, among others, the Duden editors connected; according to the dictionary are the roots in the East Frisian and Middle Low German moi moi (s) to find. For an origin from the Low German and Frisian seems to speak, that Moin ( Moin Moin ) was used as a salutation to the 1970s, almost exclusively in the north of Germany and especially in East Frisia, Lower Saxony, who Hamburg, Oldenburg and in the North Frisian regions of Schleswig-Holstein as well as in space Flensburg had a dominance; However, there is a lack of evidence of emergence (regardless of possible parallel developments ) in these regions. In the other regions of Schleswig-Holstein, however, Moin was partly the usual informal greeting "Hi! " In competition, sometimes the word was not used at all ( in the east part Holstein). In 1977, a study that afternoon was customary when entering a business Moin on the island of Borkum and the cities of Tonning, Husum, Flensburg, Schleswig, Eckernförde, Emden, Aurich, Leer, Cloppenburg and Delmenhorst, which in 1977 two spread areas of use were not only to konstantieren morning: on the one hand, the northern part of Schleswig Schleswig -Holstein, on the other Ostfriesland and adjacent areas. In Luxembourg, however, Moin and Moien have also been used throughout the day as a greeting at this time. The older East Frisian are themselves convinced that " Moin " = the contracted form of greeting " Moi'n Dag! " "Beautiful / good day! " Is because " Moi " is an often used word in the East Frisian Platt for "beautiful" or "good". Also, " Dat is moi " a phrase often used in the East Frisian Platt and is having the same meaning in the Netherlands ( " mooi " ) used, with their language, for example in the Groningen countryside the East Frisian Platt is very closely linked.
• Against the derivation of Moin from the East Frisian - Low German MOJ However, the fact that Moin is the only word of this language is that has the short diphthong oi, which can not be derived from - OJ- due to phonological regularities. Another assumption is that it is here to take over and later idiosyncratic forming a Morjen ( Good Morning ) is a Prussian civil servant in East Frisia, but leaves the question of spilling over into other regions unanswered. Partly a direct import of the short greeting morning from the Berlin area around 1900 For the multilingual region of Schleswig in Schleswig- Holstein ( where, however, supra, there was also a Moin ) with subsequent adjustment of dialect specified.
• Against the derivation from Low German East Friesland is also suggested that this etymological approach seems to be appropriate to the alleged formation region and the House calendar Ostfreesland 1924 thereby often been attributed to the role of a first document (including linguists ). This interpretive approach is over the older 19th and early 20th centuries a fairly young in the early 1980s; one of the documents for Moin i already almost 100 years older than this house calendar, comes from Berlin and explains the greeting as a morning greeting (see above). What is more appropriate than the House Calendar from 1924 would be clear evidence from the Ammer country from 1888 (see above), to suggest an origin in the northwest of present-day Federal State of Lower Saxony.
• The doubling to MoinMoin ( in Luxembourg: Moimoin ) was possibly originated directly from the Frisian moi tumors, is also argued. The last part morn ( morning) so would get in this use then the importance day, or as the North German cultivates to greet Tach. Searchable doubling is, however, in 1828 in Berlin Conversations sheet for poetry, literature and criticism (see above). Often it is argued that the word is not derived from, morning or Good Morning. However, it is perceived by non -Friesen mostly as a form of good morning ( morning → ​​→ → Morjen Mojen → → Mojn Moin ).

Use

Moin is used in total:

• As a greeting word in the morning (now national)
• ( to be found regionally, especially in parts of Northern Germany and in Luxembourg, also in Switzerland) as a greeting word throughout the day
• As a farewell (regional, in parts of Northern Germany, in parts of the Netherlands and in South Denmark)
• As a greeting reply
• As toast (regional, at least in the Schleswig region of the Land Schleswig -Holstein; deprecated in Luxembourg )
• As the standard response of a child's play ( in the southwest of Luxembourg )

Apart from different spellings (see above), there are also variations:

• Moin Moin - also written among other MoinMoin ( esp. in Northern Germany ), Moimoin ( in Luxembourg )
• Moin zäme, Moins zäme, Moi - zäme ( in Switzerland, there regionally different)
• Hi there ( esp. in northern Germany for young people)
• Moiner, Moiners
• Gun Moign (obsolete in a section of Schleswig -Holstein )

In contrast to the Low German goden morning Moin is used in many regions of northern Germany traditionally throughout the day, in others, where the greeting only recently became customary or usual again, however, usually only at the ( early ) morning. Similar to the Moin Moin in Northern Germany Luxembourgish and Moien is not only as a "good morning " greeting used, but used throughout the day.

Moin Moin, Moin Moin, Moimoin

The double greeting Moin Moin (also MoinMoin and others; Moimoin in Luxembourg ) is already occupied in 1828 in Berlin (see above). Today, the double greeting, especially in North Germany, but also in neighboring regions such as in parts of West Friesland, in northern Schleswig used (sometimes in other spellings ), in the Swiss Interlaken region and in Luxembourg as a greeting. In northern Germany and northern Schleswig " Moin " and " Moin, Moin " is also used, by analogy, also for adoption and partly as toast in some areas. In some parts of northern Germany the terms Moin Moin, Moin a different meaning is, however, still awarded: While Moin is viewed merely as a greeting formula, Moin, Moin also contains either a warm component or a gesprächsanbahnende component, as it were, an invitation to Smalltalk or North German Klönschnack. Often MoinMoin is used as a greeting response to the greeting Moin. In Hamburg, the double standard form of greeting; in other parts of Northern Germany - as in East Frisia - doubling the Moins other hand, is perceived as too talkative. In Northern Schleswig ( Denmark ) of the double greeting is (among other things Mojn Mojn ) probably used exclusively as a farewell.

Moinsen

Meanwhile Moinsen colloquially, especially among young people in Northern Germany, is used. The origin is unclear.

Moinsen place in the same context as Moin application, but partly also specifically if:

• Be addressed several people at once ( Moinsen as shorthand for " Moin together " )
• The Moin should be emphasized ( " I greet you especially warm " )
• Responding to a MoinMoin ( " Moin back ").

Moin zäme, Moins zäme, Moi - zäme

The extension zäme in the Swiss greetings Moin zäme, Moins zäme, Moi - zäme means together and is also used in other greetings.

Gun Moign

In the survey period for Schleswig -Holstein dictionary from 1902 has been reported in a subsection of Schleswig -Holstein as a greeting gun Moign. At that time existed in the north of the country ( the Schleswig region including present day South Jutland ) already Moin / Mojn (see above) and also on Helgoland (see above), where at the same time to make a Gu'n Morjen and a Gud Morjen had. Other reported forms in creation of the Schleswig-Holstein dictionary were among the other morning, Morn, Mornk, Mornt and according to another source greeted one morning in 1898 on Sylt with meern gur! - The greeting response was meern gur! . A note on the salutation A Guun Moign exists from the Upper Palatinate (see above).

Morn, Moi

It is not certain whether salutations as Morn and Moi ( Moj, Mui ) can be interpreted as variants of the Moin - greeting. Morn is known as a regional explicit morning greeting of Low German and is also outside the German language area in Norway ( as a full day greeting ), found in Sweden ( as a morning greeting ) and Denmark ( in the pronunciation of God morgen, as well as in written shortenings of the morning greeting ). Moi can be found in the Grisons German and non-German- speaking area in the Netherlands and Finland (see following section).

Outside the German-speaking

Outside the German-speaking hits or one hit in the Netherlands, Finland, Latvia, Norway, Sweden and Denmark on the same or similar greetings. Individual references to same greeting phrases from other countries need to be reviewed.

• Language History related to " Moin " the Norwegian greeting was morn, which comes from the Middle Low German Hanseatic many Skandinavisten opinion; a shortening of the word morn tomorrow, however, also found in the Upper German dialects, partially also in the Low German (alternative to Moin in the morning ) as well as in English ( morning, dawn, daybreak, etc. ) and Old and Middle English ( morn (e) = morning). In contrast to god or god tomorrow morn ( good morning ), which is mounted in Norway only in the morning, morn is informal and can throughout the day until late at night (eg: instead of aften god: good evening ) are used.

• In contrast to Norway will morn morn morn than in Sweden and shortening of morgon or morgon morgon used only as a morning greeting

• Besides the Mojn in North Schleswig, Denmark has area as various truncations of the Danish morning greeting god tomorrow (pronounced: go morn ): go ' tomorrow ' go ' morn, morning, morn, etc. Go'morn example, is also the title of a short Weckliedes the Danish singer Kristoffer Bohr.

• In Finland we say moi ( moj ) or moi, moi ( moj, moj ), but this is a highly colloquial greeting word, but also as a farewell to apply. More rarely, the variants Mojn ( Moin ) and are (at least regionally in Åboland ) Moin moin (or Mojn Mojn ) is used. Other forms are moins and moikka. ( = Give; 1 pers Sin imperfect: Moein. . ) Connect to the verb myödä can not be excluded; Mikko Bentlin looks but for this Finnish greeting words in the Urspruch influence of Low German in the Finnish language.

• In the Netherlands the same and similar salutations are both in the Dutch language (default: moi - a full day greeting ) related as well as in the West Frisian language and in Dutch dialects of Low German. Besides moi regionally diverse variants mainly of Low German are known, such as moin, Moien, amoin, amoien, Moien dag, moj, Mojen, mojjes; the exact application (greeting, farewell, etc. ) is different there as regional; part of the greeting is more than farewell as used as a greeting ( Groningen). In Gronings is " Moin dokter! " Also an exclamation of wonder or of horror, comparable to the "Jesus Mary ( and Joseph )! " In German-speaking regions. The variant moin is to be found in regions bordering Germany Achterhoek and in Twente. The in the Netherlands also encountered Greeting hoi is younger than moi.

• In Latvia the mid-20th century, the greeting Moins was used among male acquaintances; Latvian writer Anna Brigadere used 1933 Akmeņu Sprostā the salutation Mojn, Mojn

Others

Moin was also recognized in the German Navy as a semi- formal salutation, because comradely promoting. Even with leaders from business and politics of the greeting will be used, the former Prime Minister of Schleswig-Holstein Björn Engholm have Moin even referred to as "the most ingenious neologism of all time". The former Prime Minister Heide Simonis use the greeting remarkably often. The former Lower Saxony Prime Minister Christian Wulff extended the struggle for Moin also that the spelling checker for Microsoft Office " Moin " finally micrograph.

According to World on August 4, 2004, see the " Low German greeting phrases " Moin "and" Moin, Moin " ... after several years of recording procedure for the first time " in the 23rd edition of the Duden spelling. The no longer binding after the spelling reform Duden Volume 1 - The German spelling in the 24th edition of 2006 leads as Lemma " moin moin, Moin, Moin! " and prized it as " North German greeting " together with a statement that often just " moin " or " Moin! " shall be written. Thus, the spellings with "j" or without exclamation marks are not duden compliant, but also the dictionary no longer prevail. The Duden German Universal Dictionary in the 6th edition of 2007 leads " moin [ moin ]; Moin [ Moin ] " without exclamation mark as the lemma. But the mandatory official list of 2006 and its currently valid revision of 2011 has neither tall nor short written, neither doubled nor simple, neither with exclamation mark exclamation mark still provided free Moin.

To get the word " Moin " in the German language, the private radio station Energy Bremen Bremen one word sponsorship has taken over the "Association German Language " for the word " Moin ". The morning show of the station was renamed in August 2006 " Moin ". In Aabenraa (Northern Schleswig ) of the private station Radio Mojn is native who sends mostly in Danish, but also German-speaking parts of the program is broadcasting.

MoinMoin is further known in the name of a Low German space song the group Godewind, which appeared in 1980 on the same plate as well as the name of an album by Klaus and Klaus in 1995; Moin! is, a song the group Wise Guys and Mojn also means a piece of music of the Danish film music composer Mikael Simpson.

Literary evidence

Older literary documents are hardly known. Even though the spoke artistically on dialects and traditions old voice back cross Arno wood can not be used as evidence of the standard language, its uses but show the love of language that may be associated with this expression. Here is a scene from the criticism of the Wilhelmine training drill in Traumulus:

District in fur and Cylinder through the door on the right. Moin, gentlemen! MOLL WINE. Moin, Herr Commissioner! MAJOR. Moin! GOLD TREE. Good morning! Medical Council. Meal!

References and links

• Http://www.geschichte-sh.de/vonabisz/moin.htm - entry at the Society for Schleswig- Holstein history
• Http://plattmaster.de/moinmoin.htm - What does " Moin, moin "? ( in Low German )
• Http://www.grenzroute.com/SEEEMS/3310.asp - " Moin " or " Mojn "?
• Karen Margrethe Pedersen, Sprogbrug above sprogsyn hos flertal og i mindretal the dansk - Tyske grænseregion in: Nordisk Forening for Leksikografi above forfatterne, Nordiske Studier i Leksikografi, nr. 8, 2006, ISBN 87-7533-007-5, pp. 321 ff, 327 ff ( Danish) online ( PDF, 3.1 MB)
• Karen Margrethe Pedersen, Mojn - moin in Mål & Mæle, edition September 1997, page 5 ff ( Danish) online ( PDF)
• Charles Prause: German greetings in modern German time, Verlag M. & H. Marcus, Wroclaw 1930