Ottoman Turkish language

Spoken in

Turkic languages Oghusische languages Westoghusisch Turkish

Ota

The Ottoman Turkish ( and Turkey - Turkish, Turkish Osmanlıca, Osmanlı Türkçesi, self- designation: تركچه / Türkçe تركی and / Turkish, from the Tanzimat, with the advent of Ottomanism لسان عثمانى / Lisan -i Osmani, or عثمانلیجه / Osmanlıca ) was that expression of the Turkish language that was used for administrative and literary purposes in the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman is based on the Anatolischtürkischen ( Oghusisch ) and took in the late 15th century to an ever greater degree Arabic and Persian elements. Ottoman Turkish was the official and literary language of the Ottoman Empire, which developed in Anatolia after Anatolia was populated in the 11th century by Turks ( Oghuz ) and is a variety of Westoghusischen.

The application of the dynastic and political term " Ottoman " for the official language of the Ottoman state was one of the renewals during the reform period ( Tanzimat ) from the mid-19th century, when the state as the basis of a modernized Ottoman state in the population a sense of to promote common Ottoman identity tried.

3.1 Language Reform

5.1 alphabet
5.2 transcriptions
5.3 vowels and special characters
5.4 numbers
5.5 Miscellaneous

Grammar

Nominative and accusative indefinite: endingless ( كول göl - the lake, a lake; چوربه çorba - soup; كيجه Gece - night); طاوشان كتورمش Tavşan getürmiş ( He brought a rabbit )
Genitive: Answer to the question kimin / كمڭ ( whose? ); the genitive ending is ڭ -in,- in, -un, - UEN, occurs after vowel you Bindekonsonant -n- the; Example: پاشا Paşa ( Pasha ), پاشانڭ paşanıñ ( Pasha )
Dating: answer to the question نره يه nereye ( where? ) / Kime ( whom?); the dative ending is ه ه or -e ,-a, eg: كوز göz (the eye ), كوزه göze ( ( to ) the eye); after the vowel occurs Bindekonsonant ى y added, eg: خواجه Hoca ( Hodja of ), خواجه يه ḫocaya ( ( to ) the Hodja )
Certain accusative: Answer the questions كمى kimi (? whom) and نه يى neyi (what ); the accusative ending is ى -i,- ı; the additional variants Akkusativendungen -u and- u as in modern Turkish, there is not in Ottoman Turkish because of the lack of labial in this case (see Section vowel harmony ), eg: كولى göli ( the lake ), not gölü as in modern Turkish; طاوشانى كتورمش ṭavşanı getürmiş ( He brought the hare )
Locative: Answer to the question نره ده nerede (where?); the locative is ده -de -da and that additional variants of the modern Turkish - te and - ta does not exist, eg: مكتبده mektebde (at school ), قفصده ḳafeṣde ( in the cage ) ناشده Basda ( at the top, at the beginning), شهرده şehirde ( in the city)
Ablative: Answer the questions نره دن nereden (from where, where? ) And ندن neden; (why?) the ending is دن - the, -dan. Again, missing the versions th and -tan. Example: اكمكدن ekmekden ( the bread ) صباحدن ṣabāḥdan ( since morning )
Instrumental case: Answer to the question ne ile / نه ايله - what with? the ending is ile / ايله; after consonant falls the-i - According to most away, the ending is then depending on vowel harmony -le or la له; Example: halk ile / خلق ايله → halkla / خلقله ( with the people ), Esim ile / اشم ايله → eşimle / اشمله ( with my partner ); when coupled together after a vowel is omitted, only the Elif, the -y- remains: ümidi ile / اميدى ايله → ümidiyle / اميديله ( with hope ), araba ile / عربه ايله → arabayla / عربه يله ( by car); an older still encountered instrumental case - ending is -len/-lan / لن; more older forms are Birle / برله, Bile / بيله, birlen / برلن and in older texts and today very rarely occurring archaic form in / - ın ين / ن; e.g. yazın / يازن (summer / the summer), gelmeksizin / كلمكسزن (without cause ), hoca olmağın / خواجه اولمغن ( because he was / Hodja "with the Hodja -ness" )

Vowel harmony

As in almost all Turkic Ottoman and modern Turkish applies in the palatal vowel harmony. The Palatalharmonie says that after a bright vowel ( e, i, ö, ü) only a bright vowel may be followed by a broad vowel (a, ı, o, u ) only darker.

The labial vowel harmony ( labial ), collected at the modern Turkish rule, however, was often not used in Ottoman Turkish. The labial says that after a light round vowel ( ö, ü) can only follow a bright circular closed vowel ( u ). After a dark round vowel ( o, u), the closed dark round vowel ( u) follows. After light broad vowel (s, i) a closed light wider ( I) according to the following dark broad vowel ( A, I ), it follows a closed dark wider ( I). Examples: ايو eyü, today iyi (good); قاپو Kapu, today kapı (door ); كوپرى köpri, today köprü (bridge); آيو ayu, today Ayi (Bear); كلر gelür, today gelir ( he comes ); كرو odors, today geri (back ); ييدڭ yėdüñ, today yedin ( you ate ); اناطولى Anatoli, today Anadolu (Anatolia).

Consonant harmony

As in modern Turkish Klusive be in final voiceless: ت t, k ك, ق k ( devoicing ). If they are followed by a vowel, they are converted into their voiced counterparts. From ت د t is d, from ك ك k is ğ with debate, K from ق غ ġ. Examples: from the t كتمك gitmek (to go) in the infinitive is d in a bent shape with a following vowel كيدر gider ( he goes ); the k in بٯيك büyük ( large) is to ğ when bent form in a following vowel بٯيكم büyüğüm ( I 'm tall ).

Levels of language

Practical point of view, there were ( at least) three variants of the Ottoman language:

Fasih Türkçe ( Turkish eloquent ): language of administration and poetry,
Orta Türkçe ( Turkish Medium ): language of commerce and the upper class,
Kaba Türkçe ( Turkish vulgar ) language of the lower classes.

The respective variants were selected depending on the social context: A writer used in his work, for example, the Arabic Asel ( عسل ) for " honey "; but on the market, he asked the Turkish bal ( بال ) thereafter.

History

The Ottoman language can be divided into three stages divided:

Osmanlıca Eski (Old Ottoman ): Until the 16th century spoken. It was almost identical to that used by the Turkish Seljuk and is used as part of the Eski Anadolu Türkçesi ( Altanatolisches Turkish) viewed.

Orta Osmanlıca (Central Ottoman ) or Klasik Osmanlıca (Classical Ottoman ): language of poetry and management from the 16th century up to the Tanzimat reforms.

Osmanlıca Yeni ( New Ottoman ) until the 20th century developed from the 1850s version, which emerged under the influence of resurgent print media and Western literature.

Language reform

The replacement of the Ottoman Turkish by the modern Turkish for official purposes was a result of the Ottoman defeat in the First World War, which resulted in the foundation of the Turkish Republic in 1923 after themselves. As part of its far-reaching political reforms President Atatürk initiated in 1928 a writing reform, which replaced the previously used Arabic alphabet with the Latin alphabet. In the 1930s, the Türk Dil Kurumu was established, whose task was, among other things, to remove numerous Arabic and Persian loanwords from Turkish and Turkish to encourage the people. Some Arabic and Persian loanwords are nevertheless in addition to their synonyms with Turkish roots are still in use:

The last example shows, moreover, that the language reform could also give rise to paradoxical results. Thus kent Although a word that was used already in the Old Turkic and thus is " urtürkisch ", but it is also in Old Turkic already a loanword from the Sogdian language, where it long before the appearance of the first Turks in city names like Marakanda ( = Samarkand ) is occupied. There are in the Old Turkic even a word for " city ", namely balïq, but this is a homonym balık to the Turkish word very common, which means "fish" and therefore would not have been clear.

Ottoman and modern Turkish

An exact dividing line between Ottoman and modern Turkish can not get dressed. Ottoman is based on the Anatolischtürkischen ( Oghusisch ) and took Arabic and Persian elements in the late 15th century. These include vocabulary, formants and grammatical structures of Arabic and Persian. These formants are applied almost exclusively to acquired Arabic and Persian words; also to the Persian and Arabic grammatical structures only Arabic and Persian vocabulary are involved. It also happens that Arab and Persian phrases appear embedded in the Ottoman- Turkish sentence structure. Basically it is so that derived formants and constructs are used exclusively with Arabic vocabulary from Arabic, from Persian -derived words with Arabic and Persian origin. No vocabulary moderate restrictions exist for the use of genuine Turkish formants and constructs. The exceptions are the " famous error " ( غلط مشهور Galat -ı Meshur ).

One category of such " famous error " is formed that Turkish words are involved in a Izafet connection. The Izafet adopted from the Persian serves in the Ottoman to connect genitive and adjective attributes with a noun, the part of the connection vocabulary from underwritten exclusively Arab and Persian words exist. An example of such a " famous error " is the construct formed with the Turkish word دونانمه donanma دونانمه همايون donanma -yi Humayun ( large imperial fleet ), the official name of the Ottoman navy.

The writing reform of 1928 replaced the Arabic script with the Latin. Türk Dil Kurumu The founding of the 1930s, whose task was to remove Arabic and Persian elements from Turkish, brought only a slow change of the Turkish language with them. In legalese Turkey prevails today Ottoman style with plenty of Arabic vocabulary. The situation is similar also in religious texts. Arabic words and phrases are included in Turkey's religious speeches today. In everyday language, the language has changed, however, to the extent that today's generations in Latin script present Ottoman texts until the early 20th century hardly understand from the late 19th century. This also applies to texts from the 1930s to the 1960s, according to Scripture reform.

A consequence of the language reform was that with the removal of Arabic and Persian loanwords also Izafet construction has become obsolete. As an example, fate was expressed in the Ottoman means of Izafet تقدير إله takdir -i Ilahi (literally: the predestination of the Divine, that " divine intervention "). The modern Turkish, however, uses only existing in the Ottoman construction with adjective Ilahi takdir.

Few words formerly formed with the İzafet have now naturalized as an independent vocabulary. These are Ayni / equal, Bazi / some, gayri / un-. These words are the İzafetendung fused forms of Arabic vocabulary ʿ ayn / عين (self, original ), ba ʿ d / بعض ( part) and ġayr / غير ( the other not, un). Examples of the former education in Turkish means İzafet: عين كونده ( ʿ ayn -ı Günde ) / today Ayni Günde / on the same day, بعض يرلرده (ba ʿ ı ż - yerlerde ) / today Bazi yerlerde / in some places, غير شكلده ( ġayr -ı şekilde ) / today gayri şekilde / in another form / in formlessness.

Textualization

Alphabet

Ottoman Turkish was written in Arabic script ( الفبا elifbâ ). In addition, were introduced by the Persians four letters پ pe, چ çim ( Czech ) گ gef (GAF ) and ژ ever (PA ) were used. The letter ڭ Nef in the Ottoman has been introduced by the Ottomans themselves. gef / گ and NEF / ڭ come in manuscripts and in printed texts hardly rare, since the first case of diacritical bar and in the other case, the diacritical points are simply omitted. The per / ژ occurs only in foreign words, eg ejder / اژدر ( dragon), Jurnal / ژورنال (magazine).

Transcriptions

The German Oriental Society ( DMG) presented at the 19th International Congress of Orientalists in Leipzig in 1935 transliterations of Arabic script for Arabic-, Persian- and Turkish-language texts before. The transliteration of Arabic texts in 1936 to the standard DIN 31635th

In the case of the Turkish there is no standard, but a de facto standard for the transliteration (IA ) and one for the transcription (New Redhouse ). For the transliteration of Turkish texts, the transliteration of Islam Ansiklopedisi (IA ) from 1940 has prevailed instead of the DMG transliteration, which is used almost everywhere today. In addition to the IA and the DMG transliterations, there is the transliteration of the Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI2 ). This transliteration applies only in the English-speaking world and only for Persian and Arabic texts.

For the transcription ( pronunciation -based transliteration ) the New Redhouse, Charles Steuerwald and Ferit Develioğlu are considered standard. For the pronunciation -based transliteration knowledge of the pronunciation in Turkish is essential. The problem thereby prepare the words Arab and Persian origin, as the are written in Ottoman Turkish with a few exceptions like the original, but pronounced the Turkish According ratios accordingly so that there may be differences between transliteration and transcription. Using the example of ضعيف / 'weak' is the transliteration ża ʿ eef, transcription ( pronunciation ), however, zayıf. The above table lists the standard transliteration of the IA and the present spelling according to New Redhouse, which can help for a transcription of entire words.

Vowels and special characters

The vowel signs ( harekat ) and additional characters from the Arabic alphabet were used (eg hamza / hemze, fatha / üstün, kasra / Kesre etc. ) The script was by ligatures, ie letters were not necessarily on a writing line but above the other, also includes لا lam - elif to the ligatures. Borrowed words were written in the original without adaptation to the Turkish pronunciation. Turkish words, however, were written in two ways: one mimicked the Arabic script and used according to tradition vowel signs ( harekat ) where it went. The others went back to the Uighur writing tradition and did not use any Arabic vowel signs. Vowels were set using only the letters و, ا ى and and their combination. Other reviewers mixed forms used, as can be detected in Ottoman sources also words which express their vowels by both harekat as well as by the aforementioned consonants combinations.

Vocal and additional characters are not part of the alphabet. The following table illustrates it:

There is also the connection string Vaṣle that occurs in Ottoman texts but only when derived from the Arabic words or phrases.

The vowel signs üstün, Kesre and Oetre represent short vowels, while ا, ى, و represent long vowels.

Whether the short vowels bright / palatal ( e, i, ö, ü) or dark / velar (a, ı, o, u ) are pronounced depends on the consonants surrounding it. The consonants ح, خ, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ق transform the vowel in a dark, the other consonants available with light vowel.

Pay

Numbers written with Arabic numerals. In contrast to character numerals are written from left to right. The numeric characters are different than the font is not connected to each other and are concatenated in the decimal system. The following table shows all of the digits, as an example of the composition of the number 10 and its name in Turkish and modern Turkish:

Others

There are also evidence that Ottoman was verschriftlicht in the Armenian alphabet: Akabi for example, was published in 1851 by Vartan Pasha in the Armenian script. Also known as the Armenian family Düzoğlu during the reign of Sultan Abd -ul- Mejid I. the Schatzmeisterei of the empire had among themselves, the acts were performed while in Ottoman, but in Armenian script. Other writings, such as the Greek alphabet and the Hebrew alphabet, were used by non-Muslim groups in the kingdom; an important example of this are the writings of the Karamanlı, an ethnic group that spoke a dialect of Turkish, was a Christian and wrote in Greek characters. Greek Muslims, in turn, wrote the Greek language in the Ottoman script.

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