Polder

A polder (plural: polders ), also polder or Groden, is on the North Sea coast of Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands and Belgium obtained by diking and draining of the lake flat marshland. This form of land reclamation is also along rivers. In general, a dike protecting the polder.

Etymology

In its original German spelling Kog the word has the meaning " high land in front of the dike ." So it has remained kaag get in neuniederländischen word from which it was borrowed during the Deichbaues. Polder now has the meaning " a reclaimed land." From the word Dithmarsch boiling ( 15-16. Century ), there was in the Danish language as kog. In North Frisian it means kuch. In the notation polder you can find evidence for the year 1755, the use of the poet Michael Richey. And in 1700 was called today Cuxhaven still Koogshaven.

In the Netherlands and in adjacent parts of East Friesland usually synonymous polder ( Low German: bollard ) is for the diked land uses, which should be related to the word cesspool. In the eastern part of East Friesland and in the Oldenburg region, there is the name Groden.

Groden

The term Groden ( cf. Engl. = To grow, " grow ", " grow " ) designated by the lake alluvial territory areas. Sediments deposited in the tide from the sea onto the mudflats. After reaching a certain height the outer salt marsh reclamation takes place. A reclaimed land is used for internal Groden. By draining condenses the fertile soil and can be reduced over time to a level below sea level. Rising sea front of the dike and the sagging of drained former marine areas behind the dike therefore result in several embankments to an ever higher position of the newly reclaimed marsh land. In this way, a so-called polder stairs.

The name component Groden found for example in Wilhelmshaven in its neighborhoods Altengroden, Neuengroden and Fedderwardergroden, the local Heppenser, Voslapper and Rüstersieler Groden, as well as in the surrounding areas with Cäciliengroden, Peter Groden and Adelheidsgroden. All of these areas have been created or shorter time ago ( 20th century) by diking and hydraulic filling, as is the case with polders.

Drainage

Since a polder or polder is often lower than the water level of the adjacent waters, the inland constantly needs to be drained. The purpose of the drainage outfall assume, sluices, pumping stations and water pumps.

In modern times, the pumps operate with engine power, in pre-industrial times to partially to Hochindustralisierung they were powered by wind power (wind pump). The group of windmills on the dikes of the Rhine delta - a landmark of the Netherlands - are old water pump.

Flussköge

In addition to the recovery of land from the sea one also speaks of rivers of polders or polders. Most of them are former wetlands that are now used for agriculture. This is from a flood plain or a fraction a completely different ecosystem, only remembers the name of its origin, as seen in the example of the Oderbruchs.

On the Rhine, Elbe and Oder these areas are also used for flood protection by floods. Is the flood sufficiently drained, the water is pumped back out of the polders and can use these agriculturally again until the next flood.

Until the 1950s polders were created for economic reasons, land reclamation, coastal defense since the focus is on " island protection coast protection".

Known polder

In the Netherlands and Flanders whole country areas are diked, and they form a typical polders. The best known example is the Zuiderzee Works, who have turned the Zuiderzee into the IJsselmeer.

The Oder is a polder, since the reclamation in the 18th century, the Oder, whose water levels now higher than the bottom of the Odra, is moved past the eastern edge of the valley it.

The polder landscape of the island Schokland in the Netherlands was recorded in 1995 in the UNESCO World Heritage list since this cultural landscape is of particular value because of their " outstanding universal value ".

North German polders

On the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Elbe the centuries were won over 230 polders in the course. The oldest polders lie in eiderstedt; they date from the 11th century. After Burchardiflut 1634 saw frequent to build Oktroyierter polders. Known polders are for example:

  • Polders in the district of North Friesland Augustenkoog
  • Beltringharder polder
  • Hauke- sharks - enclosed land ( after a character in the novel The Ghost Rider by Theodor Storm named)
  • Friedrich- Wilhelm -Luebke- polder - 1954 last eingedeichter for colonization polder Schleswig -Holstein.
  • Gotteskoog
  • Tümlauer - enclosed land (formerly the Hermann Goering polder )
  • Norderheverkoog (formerly Horst- Wessel - polder )
  • Bottschlotter polder (municipality Dagebüll )
  • Kleiseerkoog (municipality Galmsbüll )
  • Herrenkoog
  • Polders of the former island north beach Elisabeth Sophia polder
  • Age polder
  • Osterkoog
  • Trendermarschkoog
  • Neukoog
  • Morsumkoog
  • Pohnshalligkoog
  • Cecilienkoog
  • Desmerciereskoog
  • Louise - Russias - polder
  • Reußenkoog
  • Sönke -Nissen - polder
  • Sophia Magdalen polder
  • Polders in the district of Pinneberg Hetlinger Neuerkoog

Ausdeichungen

A special feature are areas that are not the traditional purpose of land reclamation served, but abandoned as already populated and bedeichtes marshland when floods had to be ausgedeicht by new / moved back levees and often only after repeated efforts could be dammed again.

  • Altenkoog at Ostermoor, ausgedeicht 1687-1762
  • Brunsbuttel - Eddelaker polder ( " Brunsbüttelkoog " ), ausgedeicht 1717-1762 ( " soldiers dyke " )
  • Dammkoog, ausgedeicht 1362-1489
Kinderdijk Windpump Noordoostpolder Lists of World Heritage Sites in Europe Burchardi flood Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog Nordfriesland The Rider on the White Horse Nordstrand, Germany Elisabeth-Sophien-Koog Pinneberg (district) Friedrich Kluge
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