Rutaceae

Lemon (Citrus limon)

The Rutaceae ( Rutaceae ) are a diverse family of plants within the order of the soap tree -like ( Sapindales ). It includes 150-183 genera with 1200-1900 species. Among other things, all citrus fruits belong here.

  • 4.1 Notes and references

Description

They are mostly trees or shrubs, rarely also herbaceous plants. They are evergreen or deciduous. Most of these plants contain essential oils. The stalked leaves are different from species to species: alternate or mostly opposite and are usually simple or composed. Only rarely stipules are present. The leaf surfaces are often punctuated by translucent.

Rarely the flowers are single, usually they stand together in different built inflorescences. The flowers are usually hermaphroditic, if they are then the plants monoecious unisexual ( monoecious ) are to dioecious ( dioecious ) getrenntgeschlechtig. The small to medium sized flowers are radial symmetry, rarely somewhat zygomorphic, with a double perianth ( perianth ) and three-to fünfzählig. The sepals are free or fused at the base and are greatly reduced in some taxa. The ( three ) four or five petals are free or fused. The number of stamens can be very different two, three, five, eight, ten, or 20 to 60 The stamens are usually wide and free or often grown together a ring at its base. It is a intrastaminaler discus available. There are usually (one to ) four to five (up to 100 ) Upper constant carpels present, they may be be free ( apokarp ) to grow together ( synkarp ). Pollination is by insects ( entomophily ).

Berries, stone fruits, Samaras, fruit capsules and follicles occur: In the Rutaceae fruit types are highly variable.

Systematics and distribution

Most genera and species occur in the tropics and sub- tropics almost worldwide. Only a few species inhabit the northern temperate zones. The centers of biodiversity (diversity centers) located in southern Africa and Australia.

The Rutaceae family was erected in 1789 by Antoine- Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum, p 296. Type genus is L. Ruta. Synonyms for Rutaceae Juss. are: Amyridaceae Kunth, Aurantiaceae Juss, Boroniaceae J.Agardh, Cneoraceae Vest nom. . cons. , Correaceae J.Agardh nom. inval. , Cuspariaceae Tratt. nom. illeg. , Dictamnaceae Vest, Diosmaceae R.Br. ex Bartl. , Diplolaenaceae J.Agardh, Flindersiaceae CTWhite ex Airy Shaw, Fraxinellaceae Nees & Mart. nom. illeg. , Pilocarpaceae J.Agardh, Ptaeroxylaceae J.- F.Leroy, Pteleaceae Kunth, Zanthoxylaceae Martynov.

Genera in the subfamilies and tribes

Approximately 25 % of the genera are monotypic.

The Rutaceae family is divided into five or six sub-families about 150-183 genera with about 1200 to 1900 species:

  • Subfamily Aurantioideae Eaton ( Syn: Citroideae ): it contains by Swingle and Reece 1967 two tribes with about 40 genera:
  • Tribus Citreae: it contains by Bayer et al. 2009 with three subtribe ( Triphasiinae, Balsamocitrinae and Citrinae ) with about 39 genera: Aegle Corrêa: it contains only one type: Bengal quince or Bel ( Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa ): It is native to India and is cultivated in other countries.
  • Burkillanthus malaccensis ( Ridl. ) Swingle: It occurs in Indonesia (Sumatra ) and is extinct on the Malay Peninsula.
  • Australian Wüstenlimette ( Eremocitrus glauca ( Lindl. ) Swingle )
  • Limnocitrus littoralis ( Miq. ) Swingle: It occurs in Indonesia.
  • Indian Holzapfel ( Limonia acidissima L.)
  • Merope angulata ( Willd.) Swingle: They occur in tropical Asia.
  • Merrillia caloxylon Swingle: It occurs in Southeast Asia.
  • Naringi crenulata ( Roxb. ) Nicolson: It occurs in Southeast Asia.
  • Pamburus Missionis ( wall. ex Wight ) Swingle: It occurs in southern India and Sri Lanka.
  • Swinglea glutinosa ( Blanco ) Merr. It occurs in the Philippines.
  • Bergera KDKoenig ex L.: The approximately two species occur in South and Southeast Asia.
  • Clausena Burm. f: The 15 to 30 species are found in Africa, widespread in eastern, southern Asia, Southeast Asia, north-east and south-west to the Pacific Islands. In China, ten species occur, five of them only there.
  • Glycosmis Corrêa: The approximately 50 species are widespread in the eastern, southern Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia.
  • Micromelum flower: The about ten species are widespread in southern Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia and the southwestern Pacific islands.
  • Subfamily Dictyolomatoideae: it contains only one genus:
  • Dictyoloma A.Juss. (sometimes in Spathelioideae ): The only two species occur in Peru, Brazil and Bolivia.
  • Subfamily Flindersioideae: it contains only two genera with about 17 species:
  • Chloroxylon DC:. Two species occur in Madagascar and one species occurs in southern India and Sri Lanka.
  • Flindersia R.Br.: The 13-16 species occur in Malaysia's, Australia and New Caledonia.
  • Subfamily Rutoideae Arn: . Contains only one tribe with about six genera:
  • Tribus Ruteae A.Juss. ex Dumort. With about six genera: Boenninghausenia Rchb. ex Meisn. contains only one type: Boenninghausenia albiflora ( Hook. ) Meisn. It is widespread in eastern, southern Asia, Southeast Asia from India to Japan.
  • Cneoridium dumosum Hook. f: It occurs only in California.
  • Psilopeganum sinense Hemsl. Thrives on slopes of hills at an altitude of about 800 meters only in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Hubei and Sichuan.
  • Subfamily Spathelioideae Engl ( Syn: Cneoroideae Webb): it contains four to seven genera with about 23 species:
  • Bottegoa Chiov. Contains only one type: Bottegoa insignis Chiov. It occurs in Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya.
  • Dwarf olive tree ( Cneorum tricoccon L.): It occurs in southern Europe.
  • Cneorum trimerum ( Urb. ) Chodat: It occurs only in Cuba, but is considered by some authors as tricoccon ecotype of Cneorum.
  • Dictyoloma peruvianum Planch. It occurs in Peru, Bolivia and Brazil.
  • Ptaeroxylon oblique ( Thunb. ) Radlk. It occurs only in southern Africa.
  • Subfamily Toddalioideae K.Koch: It contains three tribes with about 119 genera:
  • Tribus Boronieae Bartl. Contains approximately 18 genera, which are found primarily in Australia: Acradenia Kippist: The approximately four species occur in eastern Australia.
  • Asterolasia F.Muell. The approximately 15 species are distributed in temperate Australia.
  • Coral diamonds ( Boronia Sm ): The about 150 species are widespread in Australia, with a focus on biodiversity ( about 100 species ) in the southwestern part.
  • Chorilaena Endl. Well with only one type: Chorilaena quercifolia Endl. It occurs in south-western Australia.
  • Geleznowia calycina Benth. It occurs in south-western Australia.
  • Muiriantha hassellii ( F.Muell. ) CAGardner: It occurs only in southwestern Australia.
  • Tribus Cusparieae: It contains about 32 genera: Achuaria Gereau (also to Raputia provided by some authors ): it contains only one type: Achuaria hirsuta Gereau: It occurs in Peru.
  • Adiscanthus floridus Ducke: It occurs in the Amazon area.
  • Andreadoxa flava Kallunki: It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
  • Apocaulon carnosum RSCowan: It comes in Venezuela prior to the Guyana Shield.
  • Desmotes incomparabilis ( HPRiley ) Kallunki: It is endemic to the island belonging to Panama Coiba.
  • Euxylophora paraensis Huber: It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Pará. Trade name of the wood Amarello, a striking yellow wood.
  • Leptothyrsa sprucei Hook. f: It comes in Brazil only in the Amazon.
  • Naudinia amabilis Planch. & Linden: It occurs only in Colombia.
  • Nycticalanthus speciosus Ducke: It comes in Brazil only in the Amazon.
  • Raputiarana subsigmoides ( Ducke ) Emmerich: It occurs only in the Amazon.
  • Raulinoa echinata RSCowan: It occurs in Brazil.
  • Rutaneblina pusilla Steyerm. & Luteyn: It occurs only in Venezuela.
  • Sigmatanthus trifoliatus Huber ex Emmerich: It occurs in Brazil.
  • Tribus Diosmeae DC:. Contains approximately eleven genera which have their center of its distribution in South Africa: Acmadenia Bartl. & HLWendl. The approximately 33 species are widespread in South Africa.
  • Adenandra Willd. The approximately 18 species occur in the southwestern capensis.
  • Agathosma Willd. The about 150 species are widespread in South Africa.
  • Calodendrum Thunb. Contains only one type: Calodendrum capense ( L. f ) Thunb. It occurs in southern and eastern Africa.
  • Sheilanthera pubens I.Williams: It occurs in South Africa.
  • Belongs to the subfamily Toddalioideae, but not in a tribe are: Acronychia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. The approximately 48 species in southern Asia, widespread in Southeast Asia, Australia and the southwestern Pacific islands.
  • Amyris P.Browne: The approximately 40 Neotropical species occur in Texas and Florida, Mexico, Central America, prior to Caribbean Islands, Peru and Brazil.
  • Balfourodendron Corr. Mello ex Oliv. , The only two species are widespread in the northeastern to southern Brazil, Paraguay and northeastern Argentina.
  • Bosistoa F.Muell. ex Benth. The approximately four species are native to the rain forests of eastern Australia.
  • Bouchardatia Baill. Of the four species are two in New Guinea and two in eastern Australia.
  • Bouzetia Montrouz. Contains only one type: Bouzetia maritima Montrouz. It occurs in New Caledonia.
  • Dutailliopsis gordonii TGHartley: It occurs in New Caledonia.
  • Halfordia scleroxyla F.Muell. Comes to eastern Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia before.
  • Lunasia amara Blanco: It comes from Malaysia's prior to northern Australia.
  • Neobyrnesia suberosa JAArmstr. It occurs in northern Australia.
  • Oriciopsis glaberrima Engl: It occurs in West Africa.
  • Japonica Thunb Orixa. It is widely used in China, South Korea and Japan.
  • Pentaceras australis ( F.Muell. ) Benth. It occurs in Australia.
  • Perryodendron parviflorum ( CTWhite ) TGHartley: It occurs only in New Guinea.
  • Pitavia punctata Molina: It occurs only in Chile.
  • Pitaviaster haplophyllus ( F.Muell. ) TGHartley: It occurs in Australia.
  • Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. It is in Africa, Madagascar, islands in the Indian Ocean and Asia from Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam to China, from Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, the Ryukyu Islands to Taiwan widespread.
  • Not assigned to the subfamilies are the genera:
  • Ivodea Capuron: The ten species occur in Madagascar.
  • Kodalyodendron Borhidi & Acuña: it contains only one type: Kodalyodendron cubense Borhidi & Acuña: It occurs only in Cuba.
  • Mega stigma skinneri Hook. f: It occurs only in Guatemala.
  • Pseudiosma asiatica ( Lour. ) Don: It occurs in Indochina.
  • Tractocopevodia burmahica Raizada & V.Naray: It occurs in Myanmar.

Use

Many types can be used as medicinal plant for the contained oils, including citrus aurantium ssp. aurantium ( Arantii pericapium - bitter orange ), Pilocarpus spec. ( JABORANDI folium - Jaborandiblätter ).

As crop plants Citrus limon are (lemon ), other Citrus sp. (Oranges, grapefruits, tangerines, clementines, etc.) and kumquat plants. Be used, for example:

  • Buchu, Bucco or fragrance hash ( Agathosma betulina ( PJBergius ) Pillans )
  • West Indian sandalwood ( Amyris balsamifera L.)
  • Curry Tree ( Bergera koenigii L.)
  • White sapote ( Casimiroa edulis La Llave )
  • Citrus plants (Citrus L. ), for example: (Lemon, lime, orange, etc. )
  • Pernambuco JABORANDI or Jaborandistrauch ( Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes)
  • Maranhao - JABORANDI ( Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf )
  • Paraguay JABORANDI ( Pilocarpus pennatifolius Lem. )
  • Guadaloupe JABORANDI ( Pilocarpus racemosus Vahl )

Swell

  • The family at the APWebsite. ( Section systematics)
  • Description of the Rutaceae family at DELTA. ( Description section )
  • Description in the Western Australian flora. ( Description section )
  • Dianxiang Zhang, Thomas G. Hartley & David J. Mabberley: Rutaceae, pp. 51 - text Registered as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Editor): Flora of China, Volume 11 - Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 18 April, 2008. ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 (description and identification key of the Chinese taxa )
  • Randall J. Bayer, David J. Mabberley, Cynthia M. Morton, Cathy H. Miller, Ish K. Sharma, Bernard E. Pfeil, Sarah Rich, Roberta Hitchcock & Steve Sykes: A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily ( Rutaceae: Aurantioideae ) using nine cpDNA sequences, In: American Journal of Botany, Volume 96, 2009, pp. 668-685: Full -text online.
  • Cynthia M. Morton: Phylogenetic relationships of the Aurantioideae ( Rutaceae ) based on the nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS region and three noncoding chloroplast DNA regions, atpBrbcL spacer, rps16, and trnL - trnF, In: Organisms Diversity & Evolution, Volume 9, 2009, pp. 52-68.
  • Gabriele Salvo, Gianluigi Bacchetta, Farrokh Ghahremaninejad & Elena Conti: Phylogenetic relationships of Ruteae ( Rutaceae ): New evidence from the chloroplast genome and comparisons with non- molecular data, In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2008, doi:. 10.1016/j.ympev .2008.09.004 online.
  • Bernard E. Pfeil, Michael D. Crisp: The age and biogeography of Citrus and the orange subfamily ( Rutaceae: Aurantioideae ) in Australia and New Caledonia. In: American Journal of Botany. 95, No. 12, 2008, pp. 1612-1631, doi: 10.3732/ajb.0800214 ( http://www.amjbot.org/content/95/12/1621.full ).
  • Wing -Sem Poon, Pang - Chui Shaw, Mark P. Simmons & Paul Pui -Hay But: Congruence of Molecular, Morphological, and Biochemical Profiles in Rutaceae: a Cladistic Analysis of the subfamilies Rutoideae and Toddalioideae, In: Systematic Botany, Volume 32, Issue 4, 2007, S.837 - 846th doi: 10.1043/06-48.1
  • W. Mark, Cynthia M. Morton & Jacquelyn A. Kallunki: Phylogenetic relationships of Rutaceae: a cladistic analysis of the subfamilies using evidence from RBC and ATP sequence variation, in American Journal of Botany, Volume 86, Issue 8, 1999, pp. 1191-1199: Online.
  • Thomas Schwartz: Degree project for Master of Science, in Systematics and Biodiversity, Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Science at University of Gothenburg, 2010: Fullte4xt PDF.
Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu Berry Drupe Citrus japonica 'Margarita' Murraya paniculata Flindersia australis Spurge Olive Cedrelopsis Boronia fraseri Correa (plant) Nicaragua Skimmia japonica Arizona Dictamnus Savanna Bitterorange Lime (fruit) Digital Object Identifier Agricultural Research Service
674235
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