Sagrada FamÃlia
The Sagrada Família ( Catalan full name: Expiatori Temple de la Sagrada Família; German atonement Church of the Holy Family ) is a Roman Catholic basilica in Barcelona. The construction of the designed by Antoni Gaudí in neukatalanischen style church is unfinished to this day. It was started in 1882 and should be completed in 2026 according to recent predictions.
In 2005, UNESCO put the Nativity façade, the apse façade and the crypt of the Sagrada Família as an extension of the World Heritage monument works of Antoni Gaudí in its model list of world cultural heritage. 7 November 2010 consecrated Pope Benedict XVI. the church and she rose at once to the Papal Basilica Minor.
The church is located north of the center of the Eixample neighborhood. In this district, arranged like a chessboard she takes along with the construction site a whole, 17822.25 square meters of road block. This is bordered on the south by the Carrer de Mallorca, on the north by the Carrer de Provença, on the west by the Carrer de Sardenya and on the east by the Carrer de Marina.
- 3.1 prehistory
- 3.2 1882-1893
- 3.3 1894-1926
- 3.4 1926 to today
Description
The Sagrada Família has a cruciform floor plan. The five-aisled nave shows towards south-east and measures up to the apse at the north end about 90 meters. It is 45 meters wide ( 15-meter nave, four aisles, each 7.5 meters). The shorter three-aisled transept reaches a length of 60 meters and a width of 30 meters (main transept 15 meters, two side aisles, each 7.5 meters). To almost the entire church is ringed by a cloister. It houses a chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary into heaven.
Throughout the church there are complex ornaments and decorative elements such as spindle-like towers that resemble a sand castle and their roofs are crowned with geometric shapes that seem influenced by Cubism.
Style and influences
The Sagrada Família connects like all churches with a very long construction period various architectural styles. Conceived and designed it was still from Gaudí's predecessor in neukatalanischen style, a variant of the Gothic Revival. Gaudí developed the concept in a modernist style on. Meanwhile emerge also elements of modernity, especially in the Passion facade.
The construction was influenced by the personal spirituality of the architect. He considered this nature as his main teacher. That being determined as in all his works, the functionality of the designs.
Appearance
Facades
Currently has the Sagrada Família two magnificent spectacle facades. These are located at both ends of the transept.
Directed towards the north -east is called the Nativity façade, which was largely completed during the lifetime of Gaudí. It shows in extreme detail the birth of Jesus and has the classic style of the Catalan architect on.
The Nativity facade consists of three portals, the Christian virtues - Hope, Faith, Love - symbolize. The facade tells about the life of Christ, divided into different sections. For example, the path of Mary and Joseph is illustrated to Bethlehem, the birth scene, the adoration of the shepherds and kings, and the presentation of young Jesus in the temple. More scenes are Jesus at work as a carpenter or the Coronation of the Virgin. The central portal is crowned by the tree of life, a cypress.
The directed towards the south-west so-called Passion facade was begun after Gaudí's death and is still unfinished. It differs in that it contains hardly any embellishments and is very clearly structured with clean, geometric lines and large figures from its counterpart. It is supported by six columns and three oblique portals.
Josep Maria Subirach, the Catalan painter and sculptor, began in 1986 with the design of the Passion facade. It shows the passion of Christ. For example, the kiss of Judas, the Flagellation and of course - represented the Crucifixion - the central portal. The figures came Subirachs not always on good will, but these reflect clean lines and geometric figures, the sufferings of Christ, especially resist. Other works Subirachs in Barcelona, for example ' The portal of Holy George ' at the Palau de Lloctinent ( Lieutenant Palace) in the Barrio Gotico and various figures on the mountain Montserrat.
The so-called facade of glory, has not yet started the construction of which is that adorn the apse opposite side of the building, so be directed to the south -east. According to the plans they should have 21 columns and two on-site chapels, one dedicated to the Holy Sacraments and a baptistery. The area of the planned stairway in front of the main façade is occupied for several decades by a block of flats. So whether it can be realized as planned, is questionable.
To enter the chapels, the cloister and of course the actual church eleven portals will be available.
In the perfect state to have a total of 18 towers of the Sagrada Família. Twelve are devoted to the apostles. The four of them stand with a height of 90-112 meters one of the three facades. All towers whose shape is reminiscent of the crosier of the bishops have long vertical gaps. Filigree colorful spikes, which are decorated with animals or sacred symbols and slogans, wearing a small gold cross with the name of the apostle. Some of the towers are even connected to each other via a narrow stone bridges.
Four other towers should be paid to the evangelist. The two remaining towers will be dedicated to Maria (125 meters high) and Jesus Christ. The latter is the main tower of the Basilica and is in accordance with the plans all the other tower above. He shall rise approximately above the crossing and would tower over with a calculated height of 170 meters, the highest ever spire in the world (Ulmer Münster ) by more than eight meters. The height is chosen so that the church is higher than the surrounding mountains Barcelona is not so as not to be higher to make the work of man as God's work.
Interior
The interior has a very large vault height: The aisles have a height of 30 meters, main and main transept a height of 45 meters, crossing a height of 60 meters, and the vault above the apse a height of 75 meters. The vaults are supported by stone pillars. They should remember trees and therefore have at their upper ends of branches, which are divided as tree trunks in branches. In addition, a canopy is indicated. In the meantime (2010) the interior is finished and the windows are glazed. Currently, colored windows can be used by the painter and glass artist Joan Vila i Grau has designed. The altar was of Pope Benedict XVI. consecrated on November 7, 2010.
The apse consists of seven small side chapels, which are dedicated to the joy and the sorrow. In addition, to be built on each side still two vestries. The windows in this area are designed with natural motifs.
Crypt
Under the apse is the crypt of the basilica. As Gaudí took over the supervision of works, the construction of the crypt had already begun, so that no major plan changes more were possible, however, Gaudí increased the vault so far that could pour in from above light and air.
The crypt is decorated in neogothic style. It is approximately a circular building with an area of around 120 square meters, flanked by seven individual chapels in the semicircle (in the middle: St. Joseph ). Opposite are in a line, the three main chapels, left and right flanked by two more. From the central chapel of the Mass is, the right of it are the chapel of the Virgin of Montserrat, the patron saint of Catalonia, as well as the Christ chapel with the grave Josep Maria Bocabella i Verdaguer. On the other side are the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament and the Chapel of Our Lady of Mount Carmel ( " Verge del Carme " ), is buried in the Antoni Gaudí.
The main altar
The chapel of the Virgin of Montserrat
Figure of the Virgin of Montserrat
Single chapel in the tour
Vault keystone with the proclamation
Tour with seven individual chapels
Tour with individual chapels
Staircase
Door
Ruled surfaces
In his studies of nature discovered Gaudí that many to be found in the natural forms represent approximately ruled surfaces (ie two-sided curved surfaces, however, are generated from the line). As he looked at nature as a teacher, he began consistently to experiment with the use of ruled surfaces in architecture. The draft of the Church of the Colonia Güell served him as an experimental field. The late drafts of the Sagrada Familia, ie mainly the complete interior and the roof landscape, are complex combinations of such control surfaces:
The arches consist of large Drehhyperboloiden with intervening switched hyperbolic paraboloid
The windows are in addition to the Drehhyperboloiden and hyperbolic paraboloids also elliptical hyperboloids to find.
The columns are generated from the intersection of two oppositely rotated helicoids. The column nodes (no rule spaces) formed by ellipsoids.
The spiral staircases are designed as perfect helicoids.
The eight previously existing façade towers (and also the missing four of the glory facade) date from an earlier design stage. These towers have the shape of a paraboloid of revolution, or (at the Passion façade) of an elliptic paraboloid, neither of which is ruled surfaces.
The six missing towers over the transept and apse are to be formed from cuts of hyperbolic paraboloid.
Gaudí was thus the first architect who has implemented these later very important for the shell concrete construction forms consistently in architecture. As for this type of construction, the use of industrially prefabricated forms is not possible, but almost every stone must be specially adapted to the ongoing construction remains very expensive.
Statics
Gaudí tested the statics for the Sagrada Familia first with his design for the much smaller church of the Colonia Güell. Here Gaudí turned to one at that time almost forgotten technique: He made the structure of cords and hung upside down on the entire structure. Because the strings are limp, works in them no bending moment. The model differs from the original only by the sense of direction of load and, therefore, to find a form that is only subjected to pressure and not to bending is (see also catenoid and support line). So he has been able through specific length adjustments quickly and effectively to construct a balanced building. This method was common in the Gothic style in the construction of large buildings.
Through the experiments in the Colonia Güell equipped with sufficient security, however, Gaudí reached back for determining the statics of the Sagrada Familia on graphical methods.
Depending on the use and function of the elements of the stones used are different hardnesses, there is rather soft stones for ornaments and very hard rocks for load-bearing elements.
Measurements and numbers
The Basilica will have a total length of 90 m and a width of 60 m, where the nave has a width of 45 m.
Of the 18 planned towers 8 towers are realized.
The main tower will reach a height of 170 m.
Organ
Currently, there is still no final design for an organ system that is the enormous dimensions of the basilica justice and can fill the interior with sound.
In the choir room ( presbytery ) is there are already a choir organ, which was built by the organ builder Blanca Fort Orgueners of Montserrat in 2010. This instrument has housed register 26 (1492 pipes ) on two manuals and pedal organ and is in two separate housings. The design of the brochure about 8 meters high and 3 meters wide organ inspired by the shape and structuring Gaudi, who has left no clues to the design of an organ itself. The game table is free to move, the game and Registertrakturen are electric.
- Couplers: II / I, I / P, II / P
- Accessories: Electronic combination system, replay system.
Architectural History
Prehistory
The idea of building in honor of the Holy Family in Barcelona came first by Josep Maria Boca Bella, a local owner of a religious bookstore and author Christian writings. In 1866 he founded the Asociación Espiritual de Devotos de San Jose (, clergyman club of admirers of St. Joseph '). Returned from a trip to Italy and impressed at the great churches he decided in 1874 to let himself in his city built a large, funded only by donations Sühnekirche. Due to generous donations, the club was able to purchase in 1881 the building site of the present church, a parcel of land to the extent of whole blocks with 12,800 m² of floor space in the then completely undeveloped Eixample district. The official architect of the diocese, Francesc de Paula del Villar, introduced himself as an architect available.
1882-1893
Del Villar rejected Boca Bella's idea of a replica of the Basilica of Loreto ( Italy) to build, and designed a simple three-nave church with nothing special, with a powerful low central tower and a sleek facade tower, the taste of the time according to the neo-Romanesque - Gothic style.
The foundation stone was laid on March 19, 1882, Memorial of Saint Joseph. Antoni Gaudí was present at the groundbreaking ceremony. He had worked as a student in del Villars office. However, the time of the laying of the cornerstone, he worked in the office of Joan Martorell, who took over the role of the auditor in the project.
Only a year after construction began, there was a rift between the construction management and del Villar, so that it withdrew. The project was Martorell plotted but it refused, because he was much involved in the quarrel, and proposed instead his young employee Gaudí.
He built the crypt already begun essentially according del Villars plans completed (but the vaults are already a Gaudí - revision). Mid -1880s have already been held in worship first, 1889, the crypt was completed.
Simultaneously with the construction of the crypt began Gaudí, reshape the plans for the church fundamentally. In 1885 he presents a new concept, in which the 18 towers already are recognizable, though still dominated a smaller scale than the current project, but very significantly from the Gothic design.
The 1893 finished outer wall of the apse of the overall height has been far beyond del Villars project itself. It is still not very convinced of the Gothic Revival, but shows in unconventional handling of the Gothic style and the naturalistic gargoyles and Fialenspitzen already clearly Gaudí's handwriting.
1894-1926
Shortly before the start of work on the Nativity façade to Bocabella and Gaudí saw prompted by a particularly large anonymous donation, the plans for the church to increase significantly. Gaudí designed the basic concept of the 18- towered, five - aisled basilica. With the beginning of the foundation work for the four-towered facade in 1894 at the same time began the implementation of this new ambitious project.
The basic concept of the Church should be slightly changed from now only. However, the architectural language yet learned tremendous changes over time. All development steps in Gaudí's architectural language, the idiosyncratic interpretations of Gothic and Baroque historicism over a effusive Catalan Modernisme to Gaudí's abstract expressionist late style, can be read for the Church in the various design solutions. So, however, was a creation, the floor plan, floor plan and the large lines while alluding to the Gothic, in the end, far beyond that.
With its considerably larger plans was soon realized that was not to be expected with a rapid completion. Gaudí would eventually working 43 years at the church, the last 15 years even exclusively.
On the impossibility of a speedy completion addressed, Gaudí replied:
He referred especially to God, but also to the Building Authority.
Of the three facades Gaudí began work on the Nativity façade facing towards the north -east. Before his death in 1926 but was completed only a tower of this facade ( to St. Barnabas dedicated ). The architect had built the towers first angular, but soon changed the plan and let the end square shape with small balconies. Above the towers were built further in round shape. The square bottom piece hidden behind Gaudí four 14 meter high statues of the apostles.
1926 to today
Gaudí died in 1926 after a tram accident. After the construction was interrupted again and again, but 1935 could work on the " Nativity façade " are finally completed. At the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, the original plans were lost and the plaster models were heavily damaged. In order to continue the work, so it was first necessary to reconstruct the models from the leftover debris, and the resulting photos. The use of ruled surfaces in the designs proved to be a stroke of luck, as even a small fragment of a ruled surface, the entire surface can be mathematically reconstructed exactly. Starting in 1950, the building could be continued. The later architects Francesc Quintana, Puig Boada and Lluís Gari Isidre tried on the basis of the reconstructed models and orally transmitted ideas, implement Gaudí's ideas as much as possible. In 1976, the four apostles towers were completed over the " Passion Facade ".
An important stage of the construction was the consecration of the church by Pope Benedict XVI. on November 7, 2010 after completion of the interior. At the consecration of the pope elevated the church to the rank of a minor papal Basilica. From the exterior, eight of the 18 towers of the church are completed. There are four apostles towers over the two finished facades. Complete one wants to the Basilica in 2026, the centenary year of death of Gaudí. Then the building would have taken a total of 144 years. Whether this is to achieve, but depends mainly on the incoming funds.
Problems and protests
Again and again encouraged sporadic protest against certain details of the construction. For example, in 1893 came forward to criticism, as Gaudí decided to make the first facade the Nativity façade. The city council criticized this focus, since just the opposite end of the transept rather see the city, and therefore, due to the showmanship, the local priority Passion facade should be built.
In the 1950s there was a petition with the aim to stop the construction. Among others also signed Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius, but the action failed.
On the continuation of the construction work was kindled in the 1990s, again a violent quarrel. A group of modern architects and urban planners to Oriol Bohigas took the view that a further construction of the Sagrada Família was almost banned.
Even in 2008 there were protests. A group of about 400 people - architects, actors, directors and galleries owner - urged the construction freeze and criticized the marketing for tourism purposes.
Financing
Construction will be financed still, as conceived by José María Bocabella y Verdaguer, exclusively through donations and grants from foundations and entrance fees. Major donors are conservative Catholic groups and Japanese. Available annually 22 million euros for the construction are available, in 2009 there were 18 million euros. What can not be installed, will be donated.
Tourism
The unfinished building is one of the main attractions of Barcelona and lures for many decades, numerous tourists. The newspaper El Periódico de Catalunya reported that in 2004 more than two million visitors toured the building, which even the Prado and the Alhambra are exceeded. Tourists are open to a part of the interior as well as the completed towers. This can be reached by two lifts. Under the transept is also home to the Museu Gaudí.