Schwa

The Schwa called a sound, which is also called mid central vowel. This is articulatory and acoustic vocal in trapezoid in the center between the other vowels. In German, the schwa occurs in words such as mosquito and gone, but not orthographically distinguished from other vowels.

Use

In many European languages ​​the schwa appears only unaccented. However, there are exceptions such as the Albanian, Romanian, Slovenian and Bulgarian, they also allow the stressed middle central vowel:

  • Albanian [ ə ]: ë Examples: është [ əʃtə ] - is; ëmbël [ əmbəl ] - sweet, pleasant, friendly
  • Examples: Mar [ mər ], apă [a ː pə ], Sanatate [ sənətate ]
  • Examples: בְּרֵאשִׁית [ bəreʃit ]
  • In German, an unstressed 'e' usually spoken as a schwa, as in the words mosquito [ mʏkə ] and went [ gəgaŋən ]. It is disputed whether the schwa sounds ( e - schwa and a- schwa ) in the German Phonemstatus have ( cf. Staffeldt 2010 (see below) ). In spoken German schwa is often elided in favor of a realized as a syllabic consonant sequence, so panel, for example, spoken to Tafl or jungle [ dʒʊŋəl ] to Dschungl [ dʒʊŋl ]. Although it occurs frequently, the schwa is never marked in the Germans as such; neither with its own phonetic characters, yet with diacritics as in the Luxembourgish language, not even in Hebrew words. For example, reveals only the / a / in " Solomon " that its Hebrew counterpart " Shlomo " contains a schwa between the " Sch " and the " l " which is not written; thus must sooner pronunciation of " Shlomo " actually [ mo ː ː ʃəlo ] have been called, and not [ mo ː ː ʃlo ].
  • In English, the schwa is the most common vowel, as all simple and multiple composite Vokalgrapheme can accept this phonetic value in unstressed syllables. It can be replaced in some cases by [ ɪ ]. Examples: The 'a' in about [ əbaʊt ]
  • The 'e' in synthesis [ sɪnθəsɪs ] ( in Australian English even: [ sɪnθəsəs ] )
  • The 'i' in pencil [ pɛnsəl ]
  • The 'o' in harmony [ hɑ ː mənɪ ]
  • The ' u' in medium [ mi ː diəm ]
  • The 'y' in syringe [ səɹɪndʒ ] (also: [ sɪɹɪndʒ ] )
  • Lincoln [ lɪŋkən ]
  • Parlor [ pɑ ː lə ] (not in rhotic pronunciation variants, such as USA, they have -er/-our/-or for ending the "r -colored vowel " [ ɚ ] s: R- colored vowel )
  • In French, unaccented accent -free, e ' usually one (but rounded ) Schwa with an appeal that almost to a, ö - - albeit breathy, short and open ' is tending towards. Examples: The 'e' in menace [ mə̹nas ]
  • The 'e' in secret [ sə̹kʀɛ ]
  • The 'e' in reprise [ ʀə̹pʀi ː z]
  • Unstressed final position, for example in poppe [ pɔpə ], Lääve [ ʟæ ː və ]
  • Unstressed medial position, for example in pisselisch [ pizəlɪʃ ]
  • Optional unstressed medial position, for example in Kerresch [ keʀ ː əʃ ], Kersch [ keʀ ː ʃ ]
  • Unstressed optional initial sound, for example, in esu [ əzu ], su [ to ] [to ː ]
  • Weakly accented optional initial sound, for example, in ene [ ənə ], ne [ nə ]
  • Next accented initial sound, for example, in ens [ əns ], [ ən ː s] et [ ət ] enne [ ənə ]
  • In Armenian there are the letters, ը ' for schwa. It is written only at the beginning of some words (also in compound words ), and also at the end of words, where the schwa is the definite article. In the remaining cases, the schwa is not reflected in the spelling. ընկեր - Enker - [ ənkeɹ ] - comrade, friend
  • դասընկեր - dasënker - [ dasənkeɹ ] - schoolmate, schoolmate
  • անունը - anunë - [ anunə ] - the name
  • փսփսալ - p'sp'sal - [p ʰ ʰ əsp əsal ] - whisper
  • սանր - SANR - [ sanəɹ ] - comb
  • սպիտակ - Spitak - [ əspitak ] - white ( adj )

Term origin

The word schwa is derived from the Hebrew, where it denotes the same diacritics " ְ "; in modern Israeli Hebrew, however, this character either [ ɛ̝ ] or not is pronounced. The name of this sound as " schwa " can be construed as verbal irony, for the word " schwa " [ ʃwa ː ] precisely those referred noise that would be even pronounce according to the original Hebrew [ ʃəwa ː ] between "sh" and "wa".

The Hebrew word שְׁוָא ( / Sewa '/ or / ʃəvaʔ /, in modern Hebrew [ ʃva ] ), called in the Hebrew alphabet a Vokalisationszeichen, which is listed as a vertical pair of points with a consonant (example: בְ; see Schwa ( Hebrew) ). This sign is in modern Hebrew either the sound [ ɛ̝ ] or the complete absence of a vowel, in older forms of Hebrew probably several other short vowels. In connection with certain consonants has an a-, e - or o -sound developed from the schwa, which is called Chatef - Patach, Chatef - segol or Chatef - Qametz and is written as a combination of the respective vocal character with the schwa; for example, in the first syllable of the word Adonai ( Lord = ) - here the vowel is preceded by a glottal stop.

Laryngeal theory International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum Dialect Armenian language L'esprit de l'escalier Roundedness Stress and vowel reduction in English#Weak and strong forms of words Place of articulation Labial consonant Bilabial consonant Labiodental consonant Dental consonant Alveolar consonant Retroflex consonant Palatal consonant Velar consonant Uvular consonant Pharyngeal consonant Glottal consonant Manner of articulation Flap consonant Fricative consonant Approximant consonant Implosive consonant Ejective consonant Latin alphabets
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