Asclepiadoideae

Indian Milkweed ( Asclepias curassavica )

The milkweed plants ( Asclepiadoideae ), also called Milkweed Family, are a subfamily of the family of the dogbane family ( Apocynaceae ).

Well-known members of this family are the carrion flowers of different genera: Stapelia, Hoodia, Huernia and Orbea whose buds have carrion, the wax flowers ( Hoya ), the milkweed ( Vincetoxicum hirundinaria ) and the milkweed ( Asclepias ).

4.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

They are mostly herbaceous plants or woody plants: shrubs, lianas, or rarely trees. Some of the taxa are stem succulent plants. Some species are climbing plants. The plants often contain a whitish or rarely clear milky juice.

The mostly opposite arranged leaves are well developed or greatly reduced. The leaves usually have a smooth margin. Stipules may be present or absent.

Generative features

The flowers appear singly or in zymösen (rarely racemose ) inflorescences. The hermaphrodite, mostly radial symmetry flowers are fünfzählig with double perianth. The five sepals are fused only at their base. The five petals are fused. It is often a secondary crowns from the petals or stamens formed ( ligule ). There is only one circuit available with five stamens, the stamens are absent or only briefly. The stamens and carpels are fused to a so-called " Gynostegium ". The pollen is usually clustered together to form a unit, the " pollinium ". The " pollinium " is about two so-called " translators " with the " sprag " connected. Each flower contains two upper permanent carpels. This usually rarely develop two follicles, only one. The follicles contain many seeds. The seeds usually wear silky hair tufts, hence the name.

Due to the formed Gynostegium is here a specialization in insect pollination ( entomophily ).

Dissemination

The milkweed plants are widespread in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, especially in Africa and southern South America. In the northern and south-east Asia a few species occur, but many small genera. In Central Europe, only the milkweed ( Vincetoxicum hirundinaria ) is native, originally from North America Milkweed ( Asclepias syriaca ) is in Central Europe wild and partially naturalized.

System

The former family Asclepiadaceae in 1797 erected by Moritz Balthasar Borck Hausen in Botanical Dictionary, Volume 1, page 31. She has now claimed molecular biological knowledge to the rank of subfamily Asclepiadoideae within the family Apocynaceae. The first use for the grouping of the family - even as " Asclepiadeae " - in 1835 by Gilbert Thomas Burnett. Type genus is Asclepias L.

The subfamily Asclepiadoideae is divided into four tribes with twelve subtribes. It comprises 172 genera:

Tribus Fockeeae Kunze, Meve & songs Cibirhiza Bruyns
Fockea Endl.

Anatropanthus Schltr.
Anisopus N.E.Br.
Asterostemma Decne.
Campe stigma Pierre ex Costantin
Cathetostemma flower
Cionura Griseb.
Clemensiella Schltr.
Cosmo stigma Wight
Dischidia R.Br.
Dolichopetalum Tsiang
Gongronema ( Endl. ) Decne.
Gunnessia P.I.Forst.
Gymnema R.Br.
Hoya R.Br.
Jasmine flower Anthes
Lygisma Hook. f
Marsdenia R.Br.: It contains about 70 species in the Neotropics.
Oreosparte Schltr.
Pycnorhachis Benth.
Rhyssolobium E.Mey.
Sarcolobus R.Br.
Stephanotis Thouars
Stigmatorhynchus Schltr.
Telosma Coville
Treutlera Hook. f
Wattakaka Hassk.

Subtribes Anisotominae Meve & songs Anisotoma Fenzl
Emplectanthus N.E.Br.
Neoschumannia Schltr.
Riocreuxia Decne.
Sisyranthus E.Mey.

Wight & Arn Heterostemma.

Conomitra Fenzl
Leptadenia R.Br.
Orthanthera Wight
Pentasacme Wall. ex Wight

Apteranthes J.C.Mikan
Australluma Plowes
Baynesia Bruyns
Wight & Arn Boucerosia.
Brachystelma Sims
Caralluma R.Br.
Caudanthera Plowes
Ceropegia L.
Desmidorchis Ehrenb.
Duvalia Haw.
Duvaliandra M.G.Gilbert
Echidnopsis Hook. f
Edithcolea N.E.Br.
Hoodia Sweet ex Decne.
Huernia R.Br.
Larryleachia Plowes
Lavrania Plowes
Monolluma Plowes
Notechidnopsis Lavranos & Bleck
Ophionella Bruyns
Orbea Haw.
Orbeanthus L.C.Leach
Pectinaria Haw.
Piaranthus R.Br.
Pseudolithos P.R.O.Bally
Quaqua N.E.Br.
Rhytidocaulon P.R.O.Bally
Richtersveldia Meve & songs
Socotrella Bruyns & A.G.Miller
Stapelia L.
Stapelianthus Choux ex A.C.White & B.Sloane
Stapeliopsis Pillans
Tavaresia Welw.
Tridentea Haw.
Tromotriche Haw.
White- Sloanea Chiov.

Subtribes Astephaninae Endl. ex Meisn. Astephanus R.Br.
Microloma R.Br.
Oncinema Arn.

Aidomene stop
Asclepias L.
Aspidoglossum E.Mey.
Aspidonepsis Nicholas & Goyder
Calotropis R.Br.
Cordylogyne E.Mey.
Fanninia Harv.
Glossostelma Schltr.
Gomphocarpus R.Br.
Kanahia R.Br.
Lagarinthus E.Mey.
Margaretta Oliv.
Miraglossum Kupicha
Odontostelma Rendle
Pachycarpus E.Mey.
Parapodium E.Mey.
Pergularia L.
Schizoglossum E.Mey.
Stathmostelma K.Schum.
Stenostelma Schltr.
Trachycalymma Bullock
Woodia Schltr.
Xysmalobium R.Br.

Biondia Schltr.
Blyttia Arn.
Diplostigma K.Schum.
Goydera songs
Pentatropis R.Br.
Pleurostelma Baill.
Rhyncharrhena F.Muell.
Tylophora R.Br.
Vincetoxicum Wolf

Adelostemma Hook. f
Cynanchum L.
Glossonema Decne.
Graphistemma ( Champ. ex Benth. ) Champ. ex Benth.
Holostemma R.Br.
Mahawoa Schltr.
Merrillanthus Chun & Tsiang
Metaplexis R.Br.
Odontanthera Wight
Pentarrhinum E.Mey.
Pentastelma Tsiang & P.T.Li
Raphistemma Wall.
Sichuania M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li

Subtribes Gonolobinae ( G.Don ) Songs: It contains about 13 genera with about 300 species: Dictyanthus Decne.
Fischeria DC.
Gonolobus Michx.
Jacaima Rendle
Lhotzkyella Rauschert
Macroscepis Kunth
Matelea Aubl.
Metoxypetalum Morillo
Pherotrichis Decne.
Schubertia Mart.
Stelmagonum Baill.

Barjonia Decne. Contains about seven species.
Blepharodon Decne. Today contains only two species.
Ditassa R.Br.: It contains about 100 species.
Hemipogon Decne. Contains about 14 species.
Hypolobus E.Fourn. Contains only one species in the Brazilian Mata Atlântica.
Macroditassa Malme: it contains about 6 to 14 species.
Metastelma R.Br.: It contains about 60 species.
Minaria TUPKonno & Rapini: It contains about 19 species.
Nautonia Decne. Contains only one species
Nephradenia Decne. Contains about ten species.
Peplonia Decne. ( Syn: Gonioanthela Malme ): It contains about six species.
Petalostelma E.Fourn. Contains about seven species.
Rhyssostelma Decne. Contains only one species in Uruguay.

Jobinia E.Fourn. Contains about 25 species.
Monsanima songs & Meve: it contains only one type: Monsanima morrenioides ( Goyder ) songs & Meve: This endemic species occurs only at the Pico das Almas before the Brazilian state of Bahia.

Amblyopetalum ( Griseb. ) Malme
Amblystigma Benth.
Araujia bread.
Melinia Decne.
Mitostigma Decne.
Morrenia Lindl.
Oxypetalum R.Br.
Schistogyne Hook. & Arn.
Stenomeria Turcz.
Tweedia Hook. & Arn.
Widgrenia Malme

Diplolepis R.Br.: It contains about 14 species.
Pentacyphus Schltr. Contains only three species.

Incertae sedis in Asclepiadoideae ( Insecure position): Calciphila songs & Meve
Emicocarpus K.Schum. & Schltr.
Funastrum E.Fourn
Eustegia R.Br.
Oxystelma R.Br.
Seshagiria Ansari & Hemadri
Solenostemma Hayne

Swell

The Asclepiadoideae in the family Apocynaceae in the APWebsite. ( Section systematics and description)
The Asclepiaceae at DELTA family. ( Description section, there still as a family )
Bingtao Li, Michael G. Gilbert & Douglas W. Stevens: Asclepiaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 16, 1997, p 189: Online. ( Description section, there still as a family )
Description in the Western Australian flora. ( Description section )
P Songs: subtribes and genera of the tribe Asclepiadeae ( Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae ) - a synopsis, In: Taxon, Volume 46, 1997, p 241
Doris Wolff, Ulrich Meve & Sigrid Schumann songs: Pollination ecology of Ecuadorian Asclepiadoideae ( Apocynaceae ): How generalized are morphologically specialized flowers, In: Basic and Applied Ecology, Volume 9, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 24-34. doi: 10.1016/j.baae.2007.06.013

Asterids Gentianales Stapeliae Baynesia lophophora Oxypetalum coeruleum Digital Object Identifier

82586