Elżbieta Czartoryska (1736–1816)
Elżbieta Izabela Lubomirska (nee ( Princess ) Czartoryska; born May 21, 1736, in Warsaw, † November 25, 1816 in Vienna) was a Polish princess and important patron and book and art collector in the Rococo era. Among her various palaces arose (some conversions) and parks. She was interested in politics and active; they granted to their possession in Łańcut a part of the French court during the revolutionary period protection. Since they often (and especially on portraits) wore light blue dresses, it was still referred to during his lifetime in Poland as " sky blue princess " (Polish Blekitna Markiza ). Because of their excellent manners she received in Parisian society the nickname " Madame l' Etiquette ".
Life
Lubomirska came from a Polish magnate family. Her father, with whom she had a loving relationship, was the most politically influential August Aleksander Czartoryski. Her mother, Maria Zofia Czartoryska (1698-1771), born Sieniawska, had been married in the first marriage with Stanisław Ernest Denhoff and after his death was one of the richest women of her time. Among other things she owned the medieval castle at Tenczyn Rudno. Elżbietas Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski brother was.
As a young girl was later Lubomirska with her cousin, the future King Stanisław August Poniatowski, a close friend. It influenced him at first; However, after his accession, the relationship cooled and developed in later years to an opposition. In his diaries Poniatowski describes the childhood friend.
On June 9, 1753, she was with Stanisław Lubomirski ( 1722-1782 ), a Grand Marshal of the Polish crown, married. Lubomirski was under different ownership of Łańcut, Wiśnicz Przeworsk and the family palace in Lviv. Even if she did not love her husband, she respected him. The couple had four daughters: Aleksandra Potocki (1760-1831, wife of Stanisław Kostka Potocki ), Konstancja Małgorzata Rzewuska (1761-1840), Julia Potocki (1766-1794, wife of Jan Potocki ) and Izabela Potocki. After the death of her father in 1782 Lubomirska inherited the enormous wealth of the family. In the same year also died her husband. From now on, she headed the administration of their property themselves. With the help of sons (especially Stanisław Kostka Potocki her was a valued advisor ) certain they even from abroad about their Polish possessions.
My adopted son was Henryk Lubomirski, the adored and with whom she traveled a lot. Unlike their biological children she gave him a lot of affection and trained him personally.
In 1785 Lubomirska was - already a widow - involved in the " Dogrumowa intrigue ". After she was defeated in a court case, she left Poland. She has toured Europe (Geneva, Naples, Rome, London), first lived mainly in France ( where she was a close friend of the French queen Marie -Antoinette ) and during the French Revolution in Switzerland. Later she held mainly in Vienna, where she also died.
Social significance
Because of their vast wealth, their education and their generosity as well as fashionable and neat appearance Lubomirska was popular in the salons in Paris, Vienna and London as to royal and princely courts. All the time she was surrounded by artists, scientists, and also politicians of the time. On a visit to Carlsbad learned Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1785 the Princess know and was so fascinated by her that he prolonged his stay at the spa for a week. In her Paris salon frequented among others Thomas Jefferson, Madame de Boufflers and the painter Jean -Baptiste Greuze and Jacques -Louis David. A close friend of the Polish Princess was the younger and artistically talented Princess Helena Radziwill, born Przezdziecki.
The princess was her life controversial - it was eccentric, changeable disposition and had depressive- apathetic phases; they could be extremely generous, but also selfish, mean and petty. The needy on their estates, it supported very generous. Here they set up and funded doctors also schools and hospitals. Disabled and elderly were instructed monthly payments; often cared for the acquisition of funeral expenses destitutes. They also financed the training of talented artists (such as Józef Brodowski ) or their twilight years (like the painter Louis Marteau ).
Building owner
Lubomirska was after the death of the father and husband of the largest landowners in Poland. These included their villages, and even cities ( such as Wisnicz and Łańcut ). They possessed and maintained 19 residences, which were mainly in Poland. She traveled constantly and visited many of these residences on a regular basis.
Existing palaces was refurbishing them to install or remove. Lubomirska was modern architectural developments towards open, preferred by their artistic styles were Rococo and Classicism. She put a lot of parks in their residences or overmolded existing (mostly French Baroque ) in the style of an English landscape garden design. She was among the first park owners in Poland, who introduced this style of gardening.
Castle Łańcut
The princess commissioned major architects and artists of the time (Simon Gottlieb train, Johann Christian Kamsetzer, Chrystian Piotr Aigner, Fryderyk Bauman ( 1765/1770-1845 ) and Vincenzo Brenna ), increase the inherited Palace and fundamentally reshape. The original palazzo in Fortezza - plant was converted into a palace-park complex. It created the most beautiful rooms of the palace: the ballroom, the Great dining room and the little theater.
Lubomirska wore in Łańcut together an extensive library, the base of the later " Potocki Library ", which today is one of the few after the Second World War preserved house libraries Polish magnate families. The multi-storey library pavilion in Łańcut Chrystian Piotr Aigner was designed by. One consists of over 1500 volumes music collection comprised, inter alia, manuscripts and handwritten copies of scores by Giovanni Battista Cimadoro, Giovanni Paisiello, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Marcello Bernardini di Capua and Gioachino Rossini. In Łańcut Lubomirska also built a distillery, now called Polmos Łańcut (the name of the brand of vodka produced here Biała Dama refers to the daughter of Lubomirska ) operates.
Wilanów Palace
The Wilanów Palace had in 1778, inherited from her mother, Maria Zofia Czartoryska Lubomirska. He has served as a residence for the King John III. Sobieski was built in the baroque style. In the 1730s and Augustus the Strong had used the property. The princess wanted to preserve the memory of Sobieski's the palace on the one hand, but also modernize it. First, they had to complete extensions begun by her mother, a bath house, a kitchen area and a guardhouse ( Kordegardia ) on the south side of the castle. The planned construction of three just such a building at the north wing they did not materialize. From 1781 to 1794 she was then under the direction of Simon Gottlieb train far-reaching renovation and beautification work carried out. These related mainly to the interior of the south wing, where were their living rooms.
The entrance to the palace complex has been redesigned. The princess was to create three avenues that converged symmetrically on the entrance gate to the atrium. To the south of the palace a romantic, English - Chinese landscape park with artificially raised surveys was applied to their statement on the grounds of Sobieski estate.
Mokotów Palace ( "Mon Coteau " )
Referred to as a Szuster Palace today, small single-storey palace was the princess in the 1770s built by architect Ephraim Schröger in a village outside Warsaw instead of another residential building. Simon Gottlieb train and Johann Christian Schuch designed the corresponding English landscape park ( Park Morskie Oko ), which incorporated the here around 20 meters sloping glacial Vistula embankment. The ensemble consisted of several outbuildings and ornamental buildings in the park. The name of the present hamlet of Warsaw ( Mokotow ) originated from the term "Mon Coteau " ( My hill ), the Lubomirski - based on the Vistula embankment - gave this plant.
Other residences
The at the Warsaw Royal Route location, today known as Potocki Palace City Palace of the Czartoryski family went in 1782 after the death of her father at Lubomirska. In the following years the facade was like a part of the interiors under Simon Gottlieb train rebuilt in the classical style, with also a portico was added. In the work of Johann Christian Kamsetzer and the painter Antonio Tombari were involved. 1799 received the Lubomirska - daughter Aleksandra and her husband Stanisław Kostka Potocki 's palace.
The Palais in Natolin in Warsaw August Aleksander Czartoryski had built by Szymon Bogumil train; at his death, it was not yet ready. His daughter continued the construction work that was completed about 1784. As of 1787, then also left this system (part of the goods district of Wilanów Palace ) Aleksandra and Stanisław Kostka Potocki for use. Also, the Krasinski Palace in today's Warsaw district Ursynów belonged to Lubomirskas possession.
In Przeworsk Lubomirska earned a palace complex dating from the 17th century. In its behalf, is built in the style of the late Renaissance manor house has been extended to a small palace of English classicism. In the conversion, the active also in łańcut architect Jan Chrystian Piotr Aigner and Griesmayer and the plasterer Frederic Baumann were involved. The palace was later the foster son Henryk as a gift.
In Krzeszowice the Princess by architect Szczepan Humbert in the 1780s had the classical palace " Vauxhall " build.
Culture supporter
Lubomirska was a lively theater visitor. She talked to several of their own palaces stages and visited in their travels in the major European cities always the theater. Unlike today operas, cabaret or equilibristische performances were given in the theaters in the late 18th century. For the Princess Franciszek Karpiński wrote "The song about the birth of the Lord ", also known under the title "God is born." Your daughter's honor wrote Cyprian Kamil Norwid a panegyric.
At its platforms - especially in łańcut - it employed well-known artists of the time. So was her concert master in Vienna Peterhänsel in 1791; 1796 with a fixed annual salary. The writer Jan Potocki lived for a long time on their Łańcut possession.
1779 she laid the foundation stone for the construction of the architect Bonawentura Solari ( 1735-1805 ) designed, now defunct Warsaw National Theatre at the former Plac Komisji. She also was one of the donors for the construction of the Warsaw Collegium Nobilium.
Political commitment
The Princess was one of the most prominent personalities of Poland in the 18th century and played an active - if not in official functions - on the politics of the country. It acted in the background, trying to support the Polish nobility as well as foreign courts for their positions to win. Lubomirska advocated the French way of life and an approach of Poland to the Kingdom of France. She refused the influence of the Russian Empire on Polish politics; so they turned increasingly against Poniatowski, who won with Russian support to the Polish throne. She was a supporter of the Ancien Régime and rejected the French Revolution and Napoleon's seizure of power.
After the Revolution, the Bourbon princes and later kings Louis XVIII were. and Charles X. guest in Łańcut. Likewise also stopped Maria Carolina of Naples for a time here on. From her residence in Łańcut broke in 1794 also Tadeusz Kościuszko, who marched from here to there and cried Krakow named after him uprising. Even if Lubomirska so stayed in contact with Polish freedom fighters, they still stood the patriotic movement of Poland, turned against the divisions of the country, skeptical. They refused to support this movement directly. In fact, she pulled the Western European traditions and customs over those in Poland. She spoke French; the Polish language was intended in their opinion, the simple people.
The princess was in 1783 a member of the Masonic Adoptionsloge " Dobroczynność " ( charity ). At the end of the 18th century Lubomirska supported the settlement of German colonists in their possession belonging to village Skole. At that time, also a German - Jewish school was opened.