Encyclopédistes

Jean -Baptiste le Rond d' Alembert, editor and author

Louis de Jaucourt wrote about 17,000 ( mostly small ) products

César Chesneau Du Marsais, Topics grammar

When the Encyclopaedists the 144 contributors to the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers are called.

The Encyclopédie is probably the most famous early encyclopedia in today's understanding. She appeared between June 1751 and December 1765 in Paris in seventeen volumes of text.

• 2.1 recruitment 2.1.1 Initial situation
• 2.1.2 Recruitment of Diderot and d' Alembert
• 2.1.3 Extension of the author circle

Personal Background encyclopaedists

Origin

The family background of 114 of a total of 140 names are known contributors to the Encyclopédie is - at least in outline - known.

At least 10 Encyclopaedists came from the high nobility. The Polish Count Ogiński belonged to one of the leading noble families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Go to Swiss patrician include the families of Necker, Tronchins, Charles Benjamin de Long de Montmirail de Lubières, Bertrand and Antoine- de Noé de Bottens polishing. Among the French Stanislas Catherine Boufflers, Jaucourt, Tressan and Turgot came from aristocratic families.

At least 36 more Encyclopaedists came from the gentry, about Bordeu, whose father had married as a physician in Izeste (Canton Arudy ) into a noble family, or Bourgelat, whose father, a rich Lyonnaise draper, for his services as counselor, échevin was ennobled.

At least 31 Encyclopaedists come from families of the upper middle class; their fathers were about doctors, pharmacists, lawyers, judges, wholesale merchants or engineers.

Four belonged to the lower middle class; their fathers were about primary teachers or shopkeepers.

At least 16 Encyclopaedists came from artisan families, such as the watchmaker Berthoud or the goldsmith Magimel. One of them was Denis Diderot, whose father was a successful knife master blacksmith heard.

Level of education

Most of the 140 names are known Encyclopaedists have gone through a very good education. A total of 87 of them attending a collège is occupied.

At least 25 of the coming from France Encyclopaedists visited headed by Jesuit collège, including 18 those who were close to Jansenism. Another nine attended Protestant schools outside France, such as Jaucourt, whose father sent him to the Académie de Genève, on the other Encyclopaedists recording found.

Following her schooling attended the majority of Encyclopaedists the university, with most of medicine, law or theology enrolled. 24 reached the degree of Doctor of Medicine, 25 more achieved a degree as lawyers.

In summary referred Kafker the Encyclopaedists as an exceptionally educated for their time group whose level of education have their social advancement very encouraged.

There were thereof, such as Jean Romilly, who had to collaborate early on in his father's watchmaker operation and whose manuscripts had above average number of spelling and punctuation errors and exceptions.

Occupations

Among the occupations encyclopaedists three larger groups can be identified: 23 of them practiced as physicians, 24 taught in schools or universities and another 24 served as royal officials. The next largest group was that of the clerics ( six Catholic priests and Protestant pastors four ). Nine other Encyclopaedists worked as a lawyer or judge.

Four of the encyclopedist were entrepreneurs. Antoine Allut (1743-1794) took over the glass factory of his father, Jean Étienne Bouchu (1714-1773) worked in the iron processing and included the two publishers of the Encyclopédie Michel -Antoine David (1707-1769) and André -François Le Breton to Paris bookseller and printer guild, the Communauté des Libraires et Imprimeurs. In addition, there were two as architect ( Jacques-François Blondel and Jacques -Raymond Lucotte ), a diplomat ( Friedrich Melchior Grimm), one as a pharmacist (Jacques Montet, 1722-1782 ), two as geographers ( Bourguignon d' Anville, Jean -Baptiste and Didier Robert de Vaugondy ) and a sculptor ( Etienne- Maurice Falconet ) operates.

Some Encyclopaedists have chosen military careers; under these took Ogiński as General of the Lithuanian Army the highest rank.

History of cooperation encyclopaedists

Recruitment

Initial situation

In the fall of 1745 the first attempt to translate the Cyclopaedia, a highly acclaimed work of contemporaries of the Englishman Chambers had failed to French. The published in spring 1745 announcement of a based on the Cyclopedia Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire universel des arts & des sciences but had been received by the audience with so much interest that the Paris publisher André- François Le Breton in October ventured a new beginning and to this end looking for suitable authors. Moreover, were still involved as more publishers Gottfried Sellius and John Mills.

Recruitment of Diderot and d' Alembert

When could win the later editor of the Encyclopédie Diderot for the project exactly Le Breton, can not be determined with absolute certainty. The Diderot 's biographer Arthur M. Wilson refers to the possibility that Antoine- Claude Briasson, one of the three cited by Le Breton as a partner in October 1745 Publisher could have mediated the contact because Briasson already as a publisher of Diderot's translation of Grecian history this was in contact. According to another - especially on a tradition by Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet supported - variant, it was in the meantime acting as editor of the project mathematicians Abbé Jean Paul de Gua de Malves, both in contact with Jean Baptiste le Rond d ' Alembert and Diderot to the mediated. For this variant is the fact that Gua de Malves ' name with that of d' Alembert's appears simultaneously in December 1745 in the accounting books Le Breton - a few weeks before the first mention of Diderot. However, contradicted by the fact that Concorcet in his 1786 on the death of Gua de Malves undertaken review of the beginnings of the project, other alleged calls from this recruited writers who never wrote for the Encyclopédie. However, the fact that both Gua de Malves and d' Alembert were mathematicians, it creates at least close to that Gua de Malves d' Alembert recruited, because the contact with Pierre Tarin, another contributors already involved at this stage and later principal author articles on anatomy and physiology, came about through whose acquaintance with Gua de Malves. Marc- Antoine Eidous and François -Vincent Toussaint - both again later lead authors - were friends of Diderot and had this been in the translation of Medicinal dictionary by Robert James (1703-1776) to the side.

Extension of the author's circle

After Gua de Malves had already left the project on August 3, 1747 Diderot and d' Alembert claimed responsibility for the Encyclopédie. Unclear is whether the decision to expand the lexicon project of a pure translation and revision of the Cyclopédia on the later extent, ran out of Diderot and D'Alembert or already Gua de Malves. For the first variant, however, says that the group of employees before retirement Gua de Malves ' was still relatively small and the recruitment of suitable authors by taking over the editorship of Diderot and D'Alembert entered a new phase.

D' Alembert, whose scientific reputation at that time was larger than that of Diderot, also played a central role. In 1753 he recruited Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu for the project and probably it was he also who could move a year later Voltaire to cooperate. Beyond already existing contacts presented d' Alembert in addition, the connection to Georges- Louis Le Sage, the future author of the article on mathematical logic and his colleague Jean -Baptiste de La Chapelle, who later became head writer in the subject area Mathematics ago.

Even Diderot used his existing contacts in the recruitment. Étienne Jean Bouchu (1714-1773), later the author of the long article " Forges ( Large ) " came from Diderot's home town of Langres; with Jean -Jacques Rousseau, who later became major contributor to the field of music, Diderot was already since its move to Paris on friendly terms at the beginning of the 1740s. Many other Encyclopaedists such as Jean -Baptiste Le Roy, Louis Jean -Marie Daubenton, Jean -François Marmontel and Jean -François de Saint -Lambert knew both Diderot and d' Alembert.

Retirement of key authors in 1757

After the scandal of d' Alembert's article " Genève " in 1757 - he had claimed that Geneva do not have a theater, and so the protest of Rousseau and others caused - posed a number of established authors employees.

The Encyclopedia was after Diderot was briefly imprisoned in the Bastille, forbidden and could neither be printed in France yet published eight years. D' Alembert withdrew in 1759 all the way back.

Co-editor Louis de Jaucourt, 1760

His successor as editor was 1760 Louis de Jaucourt, who prepared with the help of many thousands of secretaries short article for a possible future release, so that the last 10 of the 17 volumes of text Z all in 1765 came out to the letter.

The publishers and sponsors of the Encyclopédie

The Parisian publisher and court printer André François Le Breton, imprimeur ordinaire du Roy did after initial failures in 1745 with the French translation and publication of the Cyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences of Ephraim Chambers with three other publishers and funders Antoine- Briasson Claude, Michel -Antoine David (1707-1769), Laurent Durand (1712-1763) to be configured together to the Encyclopédie.

In addition to financial project and the staff of writers to Diderot's Encyclopédie which could only grow through the supportive attitude about the Oberzensor, Censure royale Chrétien -Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes. Or even the benevolent intercession of Jeanne- Antoinette Poisson, lady Le Normant d' Étiolles, marquise de Pompadour.

Opponents of the Encyclopédie

From the large number of names are known or likely to be even greater number of the unknown enemy of the Encyclopédie especially the literati Élie Catherine Fréron, Charles de Palissot Montenoy be mentioned.

Activities in the successor publication Encyclopédie méthodique

In the Encyclopédie méthodique, one consisting of 166 volumes and 1782-1832 by the publisher Charles -Joseph Panckoucke and after his death by Madame Thérèse -Charlotte Agasse ( 1775-1838 ) published further revision, expansion and reallocation in various encyclopaedias of the Encyclopédie, some new Encyclopaedists have been included.

List of names are known Encyclopaedists

Number of written contributions

37870 - unsigned or not determinable Article 17288 - Chevalier Louis de Jaucourt 5394 - Denis Diderot 4268 - Boucher d' Argis 1925 - Edme -François Mallet 1309 - Jean Le Rond d' Alembert 994 - Jacques -Nicolas Bellin 720 - Guillaume Le Blond 707 - Gabriel -François Venel 693 - Louis -Jean -Marie Daubenton 541 - Antoine -Joseph d' Dezallier Argenville 482 - Jacques -François Blondel 449 - Antoine Louis 428 - Marc- Antoine Eidous 414 - Baron d' Holbach 388 - François -Vincent Toussaint 344 - Jean -Jacques Rousseau 337 - Pierre Tarin 227 - Claude Bourgelat 214 - Jean -Baptiste de La Chapelle 199 - Urbain de Vandenesse 192 - Arnulphe d' Aumont 129 - César Chesneau Du Marsais 119 - Cahusac 108 - Le Roy 107 - Landois 91 - Beauzée 78 - Malouin 61 - Louis -Jacques Goussier ( also more than 900 engravings ) 56 - Malouin 45 - You Lenglet Fresnoy 41 - Daubenton / Diderot 39 - Claude Yvon 39 - Daubenton / Vandenesse 32 - Boucher d' Argis 26 - La Chapelle de / d' Alembert 26 - Voltaire 25 - Diderot / Mallet 23 - Daubenton / Jaucourt 22 - Daubenton, le Subdelegue 21 - Barthez 20 - Mallet / Diderot 20 - Formey 20 - Daubenton / Jaucourt 14 - Rousseau / d' Alembert 14 - Beauzee 13 - Watelet 13 - Boucher d' Argis 12 - Romain 12 - Douchet et Beauzee 12 - Daubenton / d' Argenville 11 - Diderot / Vandenesse 10 - Villiers 10 - Marmontel 10 - Forbonnais 9 - Papillon 9 - Mallet / d' Alembert 9 - Daubenton / Daubenton, le Subdelegue 8 - Faiguet 7 - d' Argenville / Diderot 7 - Tarin 7 - Pestre 7 - Jaucourt 7 - Bellin / Bellin 6 - Vandenesse / Diderot 6 - Toussaint / Mallet 6 - Durival 6 - Beauzee et Duchet 5 - d' Aubenton 5 - d' Alembert / Diderot 5 - Yvon / Diderot 5 - Venel / Venel 5 - Menuret 5 - Mallet / Mallet 5 - Diderot / Daubenton 5 - Daubenton / d' Argenville / Vandenesse 5 - Daubenton / Vandenesse / Diderot 5 - C. D. J / Jaucourt. 4 - d' Alembert / Mallet 4 - Romilly 4 - Rallier 4 - Louis / Diderot 4 - Blondel / Diderot