Kremlin

This is a list of the Russian Kremlin (Russian Кремль ).

General description, etymology

A Kremlin was in late medieval and early modern Russian principalities and republics, and later in tsarist Russia a kind of citadel, which forms the center of ancient cities. Within the Kremlin were the essentials for a city building as ammunition storage, craft maintenance depots, churches and governments. Most of the Kremlin were built on a hill near a river. In addition, the Posad, the suburb developed. Together with the Kremlin is the Possad the entire city (modern Russian Gorod ).

The term first appears in the Kremlin Russian-language documents of the 14th century. For the exact origin of the word, there are several hypotheses, including that of a purely Slavic origin of the term ( Krem, Kremik or Krom ≈ " wall of protection ", " fortress ") and an ancient Greek origin ( ≈ Krimnos " steep banks "). Other known from documents terms for a fortified city core were Krom ( under this name is mainly of the Pskov Kremlin known), and Detinets (like the Novgorod Kremlin is partially known until today; word originating possibly from the Old Russian Ditja = " child " within the meaning of "fresh formed, young city ").

By the 14th century nearly all the citadels were built in the Russian land of wood; due to fire, acts of war and like any of them have survived to the present day. Only after 1367 were made first reconstruction of the Moscow Kremlin in stone learned of the massive Fortifikationsbau widespread. The highlight of the Citadel building in Russia, it was the beginning of the 16th century, when the Moscow State had through several citadels this type, the system secure its external borders.

Kremlin received

The table below details the Kremlin received to date, of which not only buildings inside the citadel (such as churches or bishop residences ), but also fortifications ( walls, watchtowers ) are at least partially preserved. Forts that served purely ecclesiastical purposes ( including ensembles such as the Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius, which also has a citadel similar fortification, or the former Metropolitan residence of Rostov-on- Don, which is often referred to must be considered " Rostov Kremlin " ) are not also listed.

Former Kremlin

From the following citadels little or no remnants have been preserved by Fortifikationsbauten. Some, such as the Suzdal Kremlin, however, exist as a coherent architectural ensemble today.

With stone fixing

• Vologda (old Kremlin existed until the early 19th century as Kremlin of Vologda is now called falsely the former bishop's residence from the years 1671-75. )
• Mozhaisk
• Serpukhov ( only two small pieces of wall are still preserved )

With stone and wood mounting

• Vladimir ( obtained the Golden Gate and part of the earthworks )
• Tver

Only with wooden mounting

• Suzdal ( the ensemble within the former Kremlin walls is partially to date, of the fortifications are the walls get )
• Alexandrov
• Yaroslavl (sometimes the fortified Saviour's Transfiguration Monastery in the town center is erroneously referred to as the Kremlin )
• Volokolamsk
• Pereslawl- Salesski
• Ryazan
• Oryol
• Kaluga
• Kostroma
• Rusa
• Uglich
• Yuriev -Polsky
• Mangaseya - evidenced by archaeological excavation