List of state leaders in 1861

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Africa

• Egypt Wali ( viceroy ) under Ottoman suzerainty: Muhammad Said ( 1854-1863 )

• Ethiopia Kaiser: Theodore II (1855-1868)

• Buganda King, Mutesa I. (1856-1884)

• Bunyoro King: Kyebambe IV (1852-1869)

• Burundi King: Mwezi Gisabo IV (1852-1908)

• Dahomey King: Glele (1856-1889)

• Liberia President: Stephen Allen Benson (1856-1864)

• Morocco Sultan Sidi Mohammed IV (1859-1873)

• Oman Sultan: Thuwaini ibn Said (1856-1866)

• Orange Free State President: Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1859-1863)

• Rwanda King: Kigeri IV (1853-1895)

• Sokoto Caliphate Caliph Ahmad bin Atiku (1859-1866)

• Republic of South Africa President: Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1857-1863)

• Zulu King Mpande ka Senzangakhona (1840-1872)

America

North America

• Confederate States of America ( February 4, controversial ) Heads of State and Head of Government: President Jefferson Davis (February 25, 1861-1865)

• Mexico Heads of State and Head of Government: President Miguel Miramón (1859 - March 1861 )
• President Benito Juárez ( March 1861-1864, 1867-1872 )

• United States of America Heads of State and Head of Government: President James Buchanan ( 1857-4. March 1861 )
• President Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861-1865)

Central America

• Costa Rica Heads of State and Head of Government: ( temporarily ) José María Montealegre Fernández ( 1859-1863 )

• Dominican Republic Heads of State and Head of Government: President Pedro Santana (1844-1848, 1853-1856, 1859-1. May 1861 )
• President Antonio Pimentel (1 May 1861-1865)

• El Salvador Heads of State and Head of Government: President Gerardo Barrios (1859-1863)

• Guatemala Heads of State and Head of Government: President Rafael Carrera y Turcios (1844-1848, 1851-1865)

• Haiti Heads of State and Head of Government: President Fabre Geffrard (1859-1867)

• Honduras Heads of State and Head of Government: President José Santos Guardiola Bustillo (1856-1862)

• Nicaragua Heads of State and Head of Government: President Tomás Martínez (1857-1867)

South America

• Argentina Heads of State and Head of Government: President Santiago Derqui ( 1860-5. November 1861 )
• (acting) Juan Esteban Pedernera ( 5 November to 12 December 1861)

• Bolivia Heads of State and Head of Government: President José María Linares ( 1857-14. January 1861 )
• Government Junta José María Achá, Ruperto Fernández, Manuel Antonio Sánchez ( January 14 to May 4 1861)
• President José Maria de Achá (4 May 1861-1864 )

• Brazil Ruler: Emperor Peter II (1831-1889)

• Chile Heads of State and Head of Government: President Manuel Montt ( 1851-18. September 1861 )
• President José Joaquín Pérez (September 18, 1861-1871 )

• Ecuador Heads of State and Head of Government: President Gabriel García Moreno (1859-1865)

• Granadinian Confederacy ( from 18 July Colombia) Heads of State and Head of Government: President Mariano Ospina Rodríguez ( 1857-18. July 1861 )
• President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera (18 July 1861-1863 )

• Paraguay Heads of State and Head of Government: President Carlos Antonio López (1841-1844, 1844-1862)

• Peru (disputed ) Heads of State and Head of Government: President Ramón Castilla (1855-1862)

• Uruguay Heads of State and Head of Government: President Bernardo Prudencio Berro (1860-1864)

• Venezuela Heads of State and Head of Government: President Manuel Felipe Tovar (1859-1861)
• President Pedro Gual Escandon ( 1861-10. September 1861 )
• President José Antonio Páez (10 September 1861-1863 )

Asia

• Abu Dhabi Emir: Zayed I. (1855-1909)

• Ajman Sheikh: Humaid I. (1848-1872)

• Afghanistan Emir: Dost Muhammad Khan (1842-1863)

• Bahrain Emir Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (1842-1868)

• China ( Qing Dynasty ) Kaiser: Xianfeng (1850-1861)
• Kaiser: Tongzhi (1861-1874)

• British India Viceroy Charles John Canning (1856-1862)

• Japan Kaiser: Komei (1846-1867)
• Shogun: ( Tokugawa ): Tokugawa Iemochi ( 1858-1866 )

• Korea King: Cheoljong (1849-1864)

• Kuwait Emir: Sabbah II (1859-1866)

• Oman Sultan: Thuwaini bin Said (1856-1866)

• Persia ( Qajar dynasty ) Shah: Naser ad -Din Shah (1848-1896)

• Thailand King Mongkut, King of Thailand (1851-1868)

Australasia

• Hawaii King Kamehameha IV (1855-1863)

Europe

• Abkhazia Prince: Mikheil Sharvashidze (1822-1864)

• Andorra Co - Prince: Emperor of France: Napoleon III. (1848-1870)
• Bishop of Urgell: Josep Caixal i Estradé (1851-1879)

• Belgium King Leopold I. (1831-1865)

• Denmark: King, Frederick VII (1848-1863) Prime Minister: Carl Christian Hall (1860-1863)

• German Bund Austria Emperor Franz Joseph I (1848-1916) Prime Minister: Johann Bernhard Graf von Rechenberg and Roth Lion (1859-1861)
• Prime Minister: Archduke Rainer of Austria (1861-1865)

• King Friedrich Wilhelm IV (1840-1861)
• King: William I (1861-1888) Prime Minister: Karl Anton von Hohenzollern -Sigmaringen (1858-1862)

• Duke: Karl Alexander (1834-1863)

• Duke Leopold IV (1817-1871)

• Grand Duke Friedrich I. (1856-1907)

• King Maximilian II (1848-1864)

• Duke Wilhelm (1831-1884)

• Mayor Arnold Duck joke (1857-1863) (1866-1869)
• Mayor: Carl Friedrich Gottfried Mohr (1857-1861) (1864-1867) (1870-1873)

• Mature Mayor: Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Hector Günderrode Gen. Kellner (1841 ) ( 1847) (1851 ) ( 1861)

• Mayor: Friedrich Sieveking (1861-1862) (1865 ) ( 1868)

• King George V (1851-1866)

• Grand Duke Ludwig III. (1848-1877)

• Landgraf: Ferdinand (1848-1866)

• Elector Friedrich Wilhelm (1847-1866)

• Duke Frederick II (1848-1863)

• Prince Johann II (1858-1929)

• Prince Leopold III. (1851-1873)

• Mayor: Heinrich Brehmer (1849-1850) (1861-1862) (1865-1866)

• Grand Duke Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)

• Grand Duke Friedrich Franz II (1842-1883)

• Grand Duke Friedrich Wilhelm (1860-1904)

• Duke: Adolf I (1839-1866)

• Grand Duke Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853-1900)

• Prince Heinrich XXII. (1859-1902) until 1867 under guardianship
• Regent: Caroline of Hesse- Homburg (1859-1867)

• Prince Heinrich LXVII. (1854-1867)

• King Johann (1854-1873)

• Duke Ernst I. (1853-1908)

• Duke Ernst II (1844-1893)

• Duke Bernhard II (1803-1866)

• Grand Duke Carl Alexander (1853-1901)

• Prince: Adolf I Georg (1860-1893)

• Prince Friedrich Günther (1807-1867)

• Prince Günther Friedrich Karl II (1835-1880)

• Prince Georg Viktor (1845-1893)

• King: William I (1816-1864)

• France Emperor Napoleon III. (1851-1870)

• Greece King Otto I. (1832-1862)

• Italian States Church State Pope Pius IX. (1846-1870) (1870 resolution of the Papal States - pontificate ends 1878)

• King Franz Joseph ( 1848-1859/66 )

• King, Victor Emmanuel II (1861-1878)

• Captains Regent: Gaetano Belluzzi, Costanzo Damiani (1 October 1860-1 April 1861. )
• Captains Regent: Settimio Belluzzi, Giacomo Berti (1 April 1861-1 October 1861. )
• Captains Regent: Melchiorre Filippi, Domenico Fattori (1 October 1861-1 April 1862. )

• King, Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1861)

• Dictator: Giuseppe Garibaldi (1860-1861)

• Moldova under Ottoman suzerainty (1859-1862 to Romania united in a personal union with Wallachia, 1862) Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859-1862)

• Monaco Prince Charles III. (1856-1889)

• Montenegro ( until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty ) Prince Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860-1918) ( from 1910 king)

• Neutral Moresnet Ruler: Leopold I, King of the Belgians (1831-1865)
• Ruler: Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia (1840-1861)
• King: William I (1861-1888)
• Mayor: Joseph Kohl (1859-1882)

• Netherlands King Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)

• Norway: King Charles IV (1859-1872) (. Identical to Charles XV of Sweden, Swedish -Norwegian personal union )

• Ottoman Empire Sultan Abdülmecid I (1839-1861)
• Sultan Abdulaziz (1861-1876)

• Portugal King: Peter V. (1853-1861)
• King: Ludwig I (1861-1889)

• Russia Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881)

• Sweden King Karl XV. (1859-1872) (identical to Charles IV of Sweden, Swedish -Norwegian personal union )

• Serbia ( until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty ) Prince Mihailo Obrenović (1839-1842) (1860-1868)

• Spain Queen Isabella II (1833-1868)

• Hungary King Franz Joseph I (1848-1916)

• United Kingdom Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
• Prime Minister: Henry John Temple (1859-1865)

• Wallachia under Ottoman suzerainty (1859-1862 in personal union with Moldova, in 1862 united to form Romania) Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859-1862)